1、有关动物的不同的分述词语(Different categories of words concerning animals) 猪是pigs,但小猪是piglets,猪仔是shoats,公猪是boars,母猪是sows,已长成的食用猪常称为hogs,hogs也常用来表去势的猪,野猪是wild boars,猪的统称词是swine,而猪肉是pork。从上例可看出汉语中所构成的这方面的词族是以加限定词的组合、扩张手段来表达的;而英语是扩大同义、上下限词来指明同类之间的不同的。这就一定程度上说明了为什么英语非组合词的量很大的原因。下面有更多的例子:
种类
统称词
雄性
雌性
幼仔
肉
叫声
鸡
chicken
cock , rooster
hen
chick
chicken
cluck
马
horse
stallion
colt , sire
mare dam , filly
foal , pony
horseflesh horsemeat
neigh
狗
dog
dog
bitch
puppy, doggy
dog meat
bark
羊
sheep
ram
ewe
lamb
mutton
baa
鹿
deer
stag
doe
fawn
version
bleat
中文中表大小公母,就用大、小、公、母作定语就行了。如:“大公牛”、“小母狗”等;但英语中除了上表所示之外,还有用cock ,hen来表公母,主要用在鸟禽;bull,cow用来表较大的食草动物的雌雄;还有用male,female,he,she来表公母的。如: cock pheasant bull elephant male leopard he wolf hen sparrow cow seal female panda she dog 英语中表雌雄有很多例外,需多读多记,才能掌握。 2 、汉英语言中对同一事物的不同称谓(Different ways of saying the same things) 国会 the Congress (America) 议会 the Parliament (Britain) 议院 the Diet (Japan) 杜马 the Duma (Russia) 人代会 the People’s Congress (P. R. C.)
副
vice-
associate
assistant
deputy
lieutenant
chairman , president , premier , minister , governor
professor , director , editor , superintendent
chief librarian , dean , degree , judge , editor
manager , secretary , headmaster , commander , professor
director , chief-of-staff , secretary , mayor , director