专业词汇 |
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印刷科技词汇大全（6）
发布时间：2011-7-16 21:32:00|| 点击：6866次|| 文章分类：专业词汇|| 发布人：翻译家(Fanyijia.com)
Neutral
The absence of acid or alkaline activity in a material. The presence of an equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl group. Materials having a pH of 7. 中性 没有酸性或碱性活动的物料。具相等份量的浓缩氢和氢物料。有着酸碱值为7的物料。 Neutral colour Hueless or achromatic colour. Synonymous with Neutral grey. 中性色 无色彩或色相的意思。是‘中灰’的同义词。 Neutral density filter A filter which, when placed in front of the camera lens, reduces the amount of light reaching the film without altering its colour. Such filters are available in various strengths. 中灰滤色片 放于镜头前的滤光片，它减弱入射光的强度但不影响颜色。应用的中灰滤光片有多种不同的滤光强度，可供选择。 Neutral grey Produced by mixing equal amount of black and white. Colour balance in process-colour reproduction can be achieved by observing the correct amount of yellow, magenta and cyan to produce the neutral grey. See Colour balance, Grey balance. 中灰 混合相等份量的黑和白而成中灰。四色彩印，若依照组成中灰所用的黄、洋红和青蓝的正确份量，复制颜色的色彩平衡便获保证。参阅色彩平衡，灰平衡。 Neutral sized paper Paper which is internally or externally sized with neutral (PH 7), acid-free, size so that at the time of delivery it is free of acid content. Neutral sizing gives a paper considerable qualities of longevity. See Permanent paper. 中性纸 用中性（酸碱度7）的无酸胶料作纸张的内部或表面施胶，使纸张在付货时不带酸性。施中性胶的纸，具较高的耐久性品质。 Newsletter Letter sent out periodically with news of an organization to specific readers. 新闻通讯 由某机构或团体定期向特定的读者寄出具有关新闻的书信。 Newspaper Printed publication, usually daily or weekly, containing the news, advertisements, literary matters and topical reportage, etc. 报纸 每日或每星期出版的印刷品，内容包括新闻、广告、文艺和专题报导等。 Newsprint Paper containing about 85% mechanical wood pulp and 15% chemical wood pulp. The substance is between 45 and 58 g.s.m. Used for printing newspapers and low-cost publications. 新闻纸（白报纸） 含有85%机械木浆和15%化学木浆的纸。纸质在45至58克每平方米之间。是报纸 和廉价书刊的印刷用纸。 Newtonian liquid Liquid which starts to flow with the least imaginable applied force and the rate of flow is proportional to the force applied. For example, water is a newtonian liquid. 牛顿流动液体 由想像中最小的力引起流动，其流动速度与所加的力成正比例的液体。水是牛顿流动液体的一个例子。 Newton's ring A series of ring-like patterns fornd when slides o rnegatives are bound in glass. It might be the result of refraction caused by minute drop of vapours trapped between the two surfaces. 牛顿环 当底片或幻灯片夹在玻璃中间时，出现连续的环状图案的情况。这可能是因为有微点水气困于两个表面间，引起折射作用的效果。 Nick Groove cut across the belly of a metal type which serve as a direction guide for the compositor during assembly. When a type is placed on the composing stick, the nick should always face outward. 缺刻 横过金属字粒腹部的一条凹槽。它是排字员分别字粒方向的指引。字粒放在手盘上时，缺刻要向外。 Nickeltype An electrotype plated with nickel. 镀镍版 镀上镍的电铸版。 Nip Pressure point between two rollers or cylinders. 压力线 在两根墨辘间或两个圆筒间的压力点。 Nip and tuck folder See Jaw folder. 推夹式折叠机 参阅咬牙折叠机。 Nipping Pressing a book block to flatten the sections and remove air from between the sheets. This operation takes place after the sections are sewn to form the bookblock and before they are rouded and backed. Also known as Smashing. 压平 把书芯压实，挤出书页间空气，使书贴平服的情况。这项操作在书贴锁线后成为书芯，然后进行。书芯压平后，跟着的工序便是圆脊及起膊。 Nitrocellulose varnish A hith-gloss varnish applied to book covers. The term often used in its short form : NC varnish. 硝化纤维素光油 用于书皮上的高光泽光油。简称NC光油。 No sheet detector A sensing mechanism in a sheet fed printing press which automatically trips the press out of impression if a sheet either arrives late or fails to arrive to the front lay. 空张检查器 单张纸印刷机上的感应装置。当它发觉纸张未能准时或不能到达前标针时，就使机器离压及停止。 Node A part of a network attached to one of the links. The equipment at a node may be a printer, a terminal or a computer but it must have the ability to transmit or receive date. Usually it can do both. 节点 节点是附着网络的一个链环的部份。在节点上的仪器，可以是一部印字机，终端机或电脑，但它必须具备两者的功能。 Noise An unwanted signal or signals on an electrical circuit. 噪声 电路上的无用讯号。 Noise immunity The ability of a device to accept valid signals while rejecting invalid signals. 免噪声力 装置的能接受有用讯号而拒绝无用讯号的能力。 Non-impact printer A printer that prints without banging a ribbon onto paper, such as a laser printer or ink jet printe. See Printer. 非打字式印字机 印字时，不需用字槌把色带撞向纸面的印字机。例如激光印字机或喷墨印字机。参阅印字机。 Non-lining figure Arabic figures which do not align at the base line. Also called Old-style figures. See Figures. 不齐线数字 不依基线对齐的亚拉伯数字。亦称古风体数字。参阅数字。 Non-newtonian liquid Liquid which requires a force to start it flowing or the rate of flow is not proportional to the force applied. Offset ink is an example of non-newtonian liquid. 非牛顿流动液体 需力推动然后开始流动或流动速度与所加的力并不成比例的液体。例如柯色油墨。 Non-reflective ink Light-absorbing ink used to print machine-readable characters. 不反光墨 吸收光线的墨。用来印刷机器可读的字符。 Non-reproducing blue Colour which do not pick up by the photo-reproduction process and use for marking of art copy. 免复制蓝 不会在照相复制过程中被复制的颜色。用来在美术上注写指示。 Non-scratch inks Inks that resist smearing or scratching. 耐擦墨 不会被擦花或划花的墨。 Non-tarnish paper A kind of wrapping paper for metal products. It is free from chemicals which will tarnish metal surfaces when in contact with it.t. 防锈纸 一种包装金属制品用纸。它不含任何使金属因接触而失去光泽的化学剂。 Non-woven material A binding material made on a paper machine and usually impregnated or otherwise treated to give it extra strength, Most non-woven materials are embossed to look like a true book cloth for covers of case bound books. Also called Imitation cloth. 非纺织材料 在造纸机上制成的装订用材料，常加以浸渍或其他处理，增加它的强度。多数非纺织材料都压凸纹，使它的外观和精装所用书皮布相似。亦称充布。 Nonferrous metals Metals not containing any sizable proportion of iron. Examples are aluminium, copper, lead, etc. 非铁质金属 不含大比例铁质的金属。例如铝、铜、铅等。 Nonfogging film Film which does not become cloudy from moisture condensation caused by temperature and humidity changes. 不雾化菲林 不因温度和湿度变化，凝聚水份而产生雾翳的菲林。 Notch binding A form of unsewn binging in which notches are punched in the backs of the sections as they are folded on the floding machine, and glue applied in through the notches to hold the leaves together. See Burst binding. 破脊胶装 无线装订方式之一。在折纸时，把书贴的脊部打孔。涂胶时，胶穿过小孔，把书页黏结一起。参阅上文。 Notebook computer A portable, battery-operated personal computer about the size of an average textbook. 笔记本电脑 轻便，用电池操作，像普通教科书大小的个人电脑。 Novelty printing Non-publication printing, such as printing on balloons, pencils, match-box, badges, etc. 精品印刷 书刊外的另类印刷，例如在气球，铅笔，火柴盒，微章等的印刷。 NuBus A printed circuit board with 32-bit bus architeciure. It is a 356mm x 457mm(14x18 inches) board with three 36-pin plugs. Also called a 9U Eurocard. See Bus. 新总线 一个有着32数元总线的结构的印刷线路板。它是有着三个36针插头的356mmx457mm(14x18寸)板。亦称为‘9U'欧洲板。参阅总线。 Null A computer code which represents an absence of information. It usually has a nimeric value of zero. 空 表示没有信息的电脑代码。它的通常数值为零。 Numbering at/on press Numbering a job on the printing machine in-line by means of numbering machines or an ink jet, rather than as a separate operation. 机上加印号码 用号码机或喷墨印字机在印刷过程中同时加印号码于印件上而不是把工序分开的操作。 Numbering machine A device which numbers printed sheets consecutively. 号码机 把印张顺序的加上号码的装置。 Nylon A polymer with a long chain of carbon atoms to which amide groups are combined at intervals. Thereare many different polymers, with different physical properties, all called nylon. A common kind is the nylon used for thread. 尼龙 一种长链碳原子，其中间有酰胺基的聚合物。这类的聚合物有多种，各有不同的物理性质，但都称为尼龙。常见的一种尼龙是作为线用的。 Nylon paper A type of paper using nylon fibres as its main ingredient mixed with about 5% vegetable fibre pulp and 10% binding agents. It has high tensile strength and used mainly in industry. 尼龙纸 一种用尼龙纤维作主要原料所造成的纸，其中掺入约5%植物纤维浆和10%结合剂。纸的抗拉强度高，主要作工业用途。 Nyloprint Brand name for a type of photopolymer relief plates made up mainly of nylon and other chemicals by BASF of Germany. See Photopolymer relief plate. 尼龙版 英文是德国巴斯夫利达公司的光聚合物凸版的商品名。版主要由尼龙和其他化学剂组成。参阅光聚合物凸版。 O -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Object code(Object language) Machine code, as translated from a source program. 目标代码（目标语言） 由主程式编译而成的机器代码。 Object program Program in machine code translated from a source program. 目标程式 由主程式编译而成的程式。 Objective An objective is a system of one or more pieces of lenses grouped together. It refracts light and can form an image. Alternatively known as Lens. 镜头 镜头是一片或多片透镜的组合。它折射光线而形成影像。 Oblique (1) Sans serif letters that slant to the right by computer software manipulation. It may also be referred to as italic. (2) Synonymous with slash or solidus, the symbol of which is "/". See Slach. （1）斜向字，（2）斜划 （1）向右倾斜的无衬线字体。亦被亦为斜体。 （2）英文是‘斜划’的另一个同义词。符号是‘/’。参阅下文。 Oblong Format of a printed sheet or book in which the longer side is horizontal and the shorter side is vertical. Also called Landscape. See Portrait. 横式 印件或书本的格式，它的长边水平，短边垂直。参阅直式。 OCR Short for Optical Character Recognition. The interpretation of type-written or printed characters by a machine which scans the text, conerts it to a digital equivalent and stores it in memory for subsequent use. See ICR. 光学字符识别 是扫描内文文字的机器。它辨认打字机或印刷用字符并把它转为等对的数码，贮于贮记器内，等候使用。参阅智能字符识别。 OCR-A One of the ISO recognized typefaces designed to aid machine readability. See OCR-B. 光读字体（A） 是国际标准组织认可的一款机器能够阅读的字体设计。 OCR-B An ISO recognized machine-readable typeface that is designed to be more legible to humans than OCR-A. 光读字体（B） 国际标准组织认可的字体。它的设计，除机器可读之外，人们阅读，亦较光读字体（A）为易。 Octal Mathematical system with a base of 8. 八进制 以8为基数的数学制度。 Octavo The eighth part of the traditional broadside sheet. For an A size paper, it equivalents to A3. Octavo can be abbreviated to 8vo. Used to describe book sizes. For example: Demy 8vo. 八开 传统原张纸的八分之一。以A度计，则相等于A3。英文缩写是‘8VO’，用来表示书籍尺寸。例如‘英式正度八开’。 Odd pages Books pages bearing odd folio numbers. For books open by the righ, these pages are the right-hand pages. Also called Recto. For books open by the left, as in traddition Chinese style which are set vertically, these pages are the left-hand pages. See Even pages. 奇数页 带有单数页码的书页。从右翻开的书，奇数页在右边。从左翻开的书；例如传统直排的中文书籍，奇数页在左边。参阅偶数页。 Oddment A book section with fewer pages than the others and which has to be printed separately. 零头贴 页数少过其他书贴，要分开施印的一贴。 Off-line Equipment that is not physically linked or is not in direct communication. See On-line. 离机 没有接驳或不作直接通信的装置。参阅联机。 Off-line typesetting system Typesetting system configurations in which the text and graphic input, page make-up and output are each a separate free-standing Unit. Communication between these units are done via floppy disc. See On-line typesetting system. 离机排字系统 是排字系统的一种组合：图文输入、组版和输出分别是个别的独立部份。各部份的通信，经软碟传送。参阅联机排字系统。 Off-machine coating Coating applied to a paper after making. It is done as a separate operation giving a better quality than On-machine coating. 机外涂布 纸张造成后，以独立操作方式在纸面加涂层的情况。机外涂布粉纸的品质较机上涂布粉纸为高。参阅机上涂布。 Offcut A remnant of a sheet of paper cut off from its stock size when a specific size was required. Usually retained for use as pads or other jobbing works. 碎料 依照特定尺寸裁切原张纸后所余下的部份。可保留作拍子部或其他碎件用。 Offprint Part of a book or journal printed separately. For example: an article from a journal. 选印本 从书本或杂志中，选择部份而印成的书。例如杂志内的一篇文章。 Offset (1) An indirect method of printing in which the ink is first transferred from the printing plate to an intermediate blanket cylinder and then to the substrate which may be paper, card, metal or other mateials. This term is generally accepted to mean"offset lithography". With other printing process, the name of the printing process must be given. For example: Offset gravure, Offset letterpress. (2) To shift anelement in slightly different position from its previous position. (3) A term used to refer to the undesirable transfer of a portion of the wet ink image on one sheet to the underside of the sheet immediate above it as they are being kprinted. Also called Setoff. （1）柯式，（2）偏移，（3）反印 （1）是一种间接印刷。油墨先从印版转移于一中间胶布圆筒，然后印于承印物料如纸、叽、金属或其他材料上。柯式是音译名词。习惯用它表示‘间接石印’。若表示其他印刷，则要把印刷方法写出。例如：间接凹版，间接活版。 （2）把一个部件稍作移动的情况。 （3）在印刷时，印纹上未干的油墨，部份转印到上面一张纸的背面的不良情况。 Offset gravure See Pad printing. 间接凹版 参阅移印。 Offset letterpress See Dry offset, Letterset. 间接活版 参阅干柯式。 Offset lithography A modification of the lithography process by an American I. W. Rubul, who added an intermediate cylinder to the lithographic printing press making it an indirect printing process. The images on the lithographic stone were first printed on the cylinder then transferred to the paper. As the process developed; metal plates were used instead of stones, cylinder was used to mount the plate instead of a flat bed for the stone, the term remained as it was. However, either the word "Offset", "Litho" or "Offset-litho" is now commonly used to mean"offset lithography". 间接石印（柯式） 由美国人鲁布把石印方法改良而成的间接印刷方法。他在石印机上加多一中间圆筒，石版上的印纹先印于圆筒上，然后转印于纸上。尽管各样改进：金属版式代替石版，版圆筒代替平台的版床，这个名称保持不变。但一般多用‘柯式’或‘平版’一词代替‘间接石印’。 Offset paper Any paper suitable for offset litho printing. It may be coated or uncoated. It must possess the quality of high surface strength and dimensional stability. 柯式纸 适合柯式印刷用的任何纸张。粉纸或书纸均可。它的品质需具备高表面强度和尺寸稳定。 Offside lay The side lay opposite the operating side of a press. See Lay, Nearside Lay. 右标针 在操作边对面的横标针。参阅标针，左标针。 Oil absorbency The capability of a paper to absorb oil. Too absorbent of a paper would cause powdring, loss of gloss, or strike-through and would cause set-off owing to it not being absorbent enough. A "surface-oil absorption tester" may be used to determine this property of paper. 吸油性 纸张的吸油能力。若纸张的吸油性过强，会引致粉化，失去光泽或透背；若纸的吸油性过弱，则引致反印。纸的吸油性可用‘表面油吸收测试机’量度。 Oil paper A type of converted paprs made by immersing the base paper on oil such as linseed oil or tung oil and then process. It has the property of stout, good resistance to vapour or water. Used extensively for packaging of foods and metal products. 油纸 将原纸浸渍在油中，例如亚麻仁油或桐油，再经处理而成的一种加工纸。它具强韧性和良好的抗水性和防潮性。多用于包装食品和金属制品方面。 Oil-based ink The vehicle of an ink is mainly consist of mineral oil. This type of ink is used for newspaper printing where inks drying are wholly by penetration. See Water-baded ink. 油基墨 用矿物油作主要展色剂的油墨。报纸印刷多用此类油墨，它以渗透作用干燥。参阅水基墨。 OK An indication that all is correct or approval given. 好（批准） 英文是惯用语。指全部无错或批准。 Old face Classic type style designs of the 16th and 17th centuries. Classified to the group of typeface by the name of Garalde under BS. 古体 十六及十七世纪时设计的古典字体。英国标准把它归纳于‘加拉迪’体类别内。 Old style Nineteeth and twentieth century revival forms of "old face" type styles. Also grouped under Garalde by BS. 古风体 十九及廿世纪时采用古体的字型而从新设计的字体。英国标准亦把它纳入‘加拉迪’体类别内。 Old style figures See Non-lining figures. 古风体数字 参阅不齐线数字。 Old Sung style A traditional. Chinese type style characterised by the contrast of their thin horizontal and thick vertical strokes. 老宋体 传统的中文字体款式。特点是笔划的横线极幼而直线极粗，造成强烈对比。 Oleophilic Oil receptive property such as image areas of printing plates. 亲油性 能接受油特性，例如版上的印纹部份。 Oleophobic Oil repellent property such as non-image areas of an offset plate. 拒油性 拒油的特性，例如柯式版上的非印纹部份。 Omnibus book Volume of books containing all the works, or selected works, of a single author, published at a price to be within the reach of all. 全集（选集） 把某作者的全部或部份作品包括在内，并以普罗大众能负担的价格发行的书籍。 On-demand printing Using computer for printing of short-run jobs such as wall prctures, carpets, large posters, advertisements, etc. As the quantity of each printing is small, it isnot economical to use conventional printing method. Using computer, where all printing data have been stored and can be retrieved for use when required. It is more economical to print via ditital printing machine using ink-jet, or electrostatic principle. See On-demand publishing. 按量印刷 用电脑作数量少的印刷。例如每次印刷数量都不多的墙画，地毯，大张海报，广告等。这些少量印刷若用常规的印刷方法，则成本高。利用电脑，把全部印刷资料贮存。需要时，经数码印刷机；例如用喷墨原理者或静电原理者施印，则效益较高。参阅按量出版。 On-demand publishing The concept of printing boks one at a time from computer store ' on demand ', rather than tying up capital by printing for stock. See On-demand printing. 按量出版 概念是当有需要时，然后从电脑贮记部提取资料作一本书的印刷。这样，就不用把资金积压于存货上。参阅按量印刷。 On-line Equipment that is in direct communication or available for immediate use. 联机 能直接和即时交换信息的装置。 On-line typesetting system Typesetting system in which the keyboard and output unit are attched at all times on-line to the main system. See Off-line typesetting system. 联机排字系统 键盘和输出机器固定的连接主机的排字系统。 On-machine coating Coating applied to the base paper on the paper machine itself. As distinct from Off-machine coating. 机上涂布 在造成纸机上把基纸加上涂层的情况。有别于机外涂布。 One -letter index Index with divisions by letter of the 24 letters from the alphabet, omitting X and Z.. 单字母索引 只用24个英文字母分部的索引，X和Z则略去。 One-piece film Clean contact films for printing-down, as distinct from composite films which may be made up of several film pieces taped or cemented together on a carrier sheet. 完整底片 接触晒印而成的晒版用的完整菲林片，有别于拼合底片；它由多张底片用胶纸或胶水黏贴而成。 One-shot binding Perfect binding with one application of hot-melt glue only. As distinct from Two-shot binding. 一次胶胶装 用热熔胶涂书脊一次的胶装。有别于两次胶胶装。 One-sided art Paper coated on one side only. 单面粉纸 只在一面涂布的纸。 One-time carbon paper Carbon paper that only used once. 一次用碳纸 只用一次的碳纸（复写纸）。 Onion-skin Light weight cockle finish "bank paper" often used for airmail stationery. 洋葱纸 常作空邮信纸用的轻身绉面的‘高级打字纸’。 Opacimeter Instrument for measuring the opacity of paper and expressed it as a percentage. If the paper is not sufficiently opaque, printed material will show through from the other side. An average opacity of 90% is recommended for paper printed both side. 不透明度测试仪 量度纸张不透明度并以百分率表示的仪器。若纸的不透明度低，印纹便影现纸的另一面。两面施印的纸，不透明度平均最好是百分之九十。 Opacity Degree of obstruction to transmission or reflection of light. 不透明度 阻碍光线透过的程度。 Opaque (1) To paint out pin-holes or scratches or areas on negative with an opaque paint. (2) The paint used in opaquing. （1）涂遮盖液，（2）遮盖液 （1）在菲林上某些范围涂上遮盖液的情况。 （2）遮盖用的漆料。 O -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Opaque ink Ink with high opacity for jobbing work. See Transparent ink. 不透明墨 碎件印刷用的遮盖力强油墨。参阅透明墨。 Open architecture In computer system design, the ability to allow for extra peripherals in order to expand the system at any time in the future. 开放式结构 在将来扩展系统时，可以增加周边装置的电脑系统设计。 Open back Common style of case bound book. Also called Hollow back. See Back. 空背 精装书籍的常用款式。参阅上文及书背。 Open time In binding, the time between an adhesive being applied and when it sets. It is the time limit allowing parts to be assembled. 开放时限 在装订方面，是涂上胶黏剂后到它凝固的时间。这是容许部件装配的时限。 Operand In computing, an item of data on which an operation is to be carried out. 操作数 在电脑操作方面，使操作得以进行的一项数据。 Operating side The side of a printing machine where operating switches are placed. When facing the feeder of the machine, it is the left hand side of the machine. 操作边 印刷机上放置操作开关的一边。当面对印刷机的给纸器时，是机器的左手边。 Operating system Master programs that keep all of computer components working together, including application programs. 操作系统 使电脑各部份元件，包括应用程式，一起工作的主程式。 Operation (1) Performance of practical work. (2)Single step performed by computer in execution of program. （1）操作，（2）运算 （1）实际生产的工作。 （2）完成电脑程式的一个步骤。 Operator (1) One who operates machine or device. (2) Mathematical function such as 1, 10, etc. （1）操作员，（2）运算符 （1）操作机器或装置的人员。 （2）数学函数，例如一，十等。 Opp film OPP is the abbreviation for Oriented polypropylene. The full description of which is "biaxially-oriented coextruded polypropylene". It is water-proof, flexible and highly transparent, and is a type of plastic film commonly used for book-jacket lamination. 向性聚丙烯胶膜 英文是向性聚丙烯胶膜的缩写。全名是‘二轴延伸聚丙烯’胶膜。它防水、柔韧和极之透明，是一般书套所采用的裱胶材料。 Opponent colours system One of the colour measuring systems using the uniform colour scales by CIE. The symbols L, a, b are used to designate measured values of the three elements of colour. L represents lightness; a represents redness when plus, greenness when minus, and zero for neutral grey; b represents yellowness when plus, blueness when minus, and zero for neutral grey.Together, a and b give the coordinate o fthe colour in the chromaticity chart so that hue and chroma can be calculated accordingly. 对立色表色法 是CIE系统内的一种等色比例表色法之一。用L,a,b三个英文字母表达颜色三要素的量度数值。L:代表明度；正a代表红的程度，负a代表绿的程度；正b代表黄的程度；负b代表蓝的程度，零代表中灰。和一起构成该色在彩度图内的坐标，从而可计算该色的色相和纯度。 Ooptical bleaching agent A chemical which is used in the furnish of bright-white papers to enhance their brightness, and whichdoes so by converting ultra-violet light into visible light. 光学漂白剂 混入造纸浆料内，增加光白纸张的白度的化学剂；它的作用是使紫外光转为可见光。 Optical brightener(Optical brightness agent) Synonymous with Optical bleaching agent. 光学增光剂 即光学漂白剂。参阅上文。 Ooptical centre The visual centre o fa page. Its position is on the vertical centre line, about 2/5 of the page depth from the head of the page. 视觉中点 页面视觉上的中心点。它的位置在垂直分中线上，从天头计，书页深度5分之2的地方。 Optical character recognition See OCR. 光学字符识别 参阅上文。 Optical densety Light-absorbing capacity of a material. It is repressed as the logarithm of the oopacity of the material. In graphic arts, the word "density" is simply taken to mean"ooptical density". See Density. 光学密度 物质吸收光的能力，用不透明度的对数来表示。在印刷方面，‘光学密度’通常简称为‘密度’。参阅密度。 Optical disc Generic term for a high-density storage device, mainly of the read-only variety. The characterising feature is that the information is read off the disc using laser technology, rather than the electromagnetic technology of tapes and discs. The two mainsub-groups are video discs on which the information is stored in an analogue manner for visual moving display(television); and optical digital discs on which information is stored digitally. Also called Compact disc (CD). 光碟 是一般唯读形式，高密度贮存装置的总称。它的特点是用激光科技把碟上的数据读出而不像磁带或磁碟的用电磁科技。光碟主要分为两类：其一是影碟，它用类比方式贮存信息，供应动态影像（如电视）；另一是数码光碟，它用数字方式贮存信息。 Optical fibre Flexible transparent fibre devices, used for eitherimage or data transmission, in which light is propagated by total internal reflection. 光导纤维（光纤） 柔软的透明纤维组织，光线由内部的全反射而激增散播。用来传送影像或数据。 Optical image Image formed digitally on a video screen. 光学影像 在荧幕上以数码形式构成的影像。 Optical letterspacing Space between letters which accommodates their varying shapes and gives the appearance of even space. 视觉字母间距 在字母间，考虑其不同形状而加上不同间距，使视觉得均匀的效果。 Optical wedge Also called Grey scale, Step wedge. See Grey scale. 光学梯尺 亦称灰尺、梯尺。参阅灰尺。 Optics The studies of the effects caused by light. 光学 研究由光引起各种效果的科学。 Order form Form on which a buyer can fill in the detail of his intended purchase as an order to supply. 订货表格 作为订单的货品供应表格，买家把意欲购买的细节填写便可。 Organic compound Compounds made up of elements that one of which is carbon. 有机化合物 由碳元素和其他元素组成的化合物。 Orientation (1)Positioning of the image area in relation to normal horizontal and vertical alignment . (2)In computer output through a printer ,theoice of printing portrait or landscape. （1）定位 （2）印向 （1）依正常水平垂直方向摆放影剧院像的情况。 （2）电脑经印字机作输出时，选择直式或横式的情况。 Oriented polypropylene (OPP) film See OPP film. 向性聚丙烯胶膜 参阅上文 Original Photograph,drawing or artwork to be reproduced. See Copy 图片原稿 作复制用的相片，图画或美术作品。参阅原稿。 Original plate Relief printing plate produced bu7 photomechanical etching as distinct from electrotyping or stereotuopong which are duplicating plates. 原身版 用照相晒版蚀刻方法造成的凸版。有别于电镀版或铅铸版，它们是复制版。 Orignation In reproduction,a term to describe all the processes stating from typesetting up to plate-making stage.Also called Pre-press operation. 印前操作 在复制过程，描述从排版到制版等各项工作的总称。 Ornament Flourish pattternused as a decoration on page. 装饰图 书页上装饰用的花式图案。 Ornamented type Typeface embellished with decorative flourishes.Used mainly as intial. 花字 被花纹围绕着的字体。主要用作起首字母。 Orphan An undesirable effect of page make-up in which the first line of a paragraph,or a subhead, appears at the foot of a page, See Widow. 孤行 一段文字的副标题或开始的一行，排放在版脚的情况。是一个不良的排版效果。参阅寡行。 Orthochromatic film (Ortho film) Photographic material insensitive to red lihgt but sensitive to green and vlue lights.It is the standard type of phototypesetting film and origination film See Colour sensitivity. 正色菲林 对红光没有感应，只对绿光和蓝光有感应的照相材料。它是照相排字和印前操作用的标准菲林。参阅感受色性。 Oscillating roller (Oscillator) One of the distribution rollers in the inking system o a printing machine. It rotates with an reciprocating motion. Also called Reciprocating roller, Vibrator.See Distribution rollers. 摆动辘 印刷机上分布辘之一。它除转动外；还向左右作往来移动。参阅分布辘。 Oscilloscope Electronic test equipment which displays, as a graph on the face of a CRT,the relationship of an input voltage to time. 示波器 电子测试仪器，它把输入电压的伏特数量和时间的关系以图圾形式在阴极射线管的萤幕上显示出来。 Out of print Publications that have been sold out and without stock. 绝版 售清，并无存货的书刊。 Out of register One or more colors out of alignment with the others in a piece of printing. 对位不准 印刷品上，一个或多个颜色与其他颜色对不正的情况。 Out work Operations put out to another company for reasons of specialism or capacity. 外发加工 因工作量或专门性的关系，把一些工序交由另一公司进行的情况。 Out-turn sheet Sheet of paper taken during manufacture or on delivery as a representative sample for checking specification. 试样纸 试样纸生产纸张时，抽出检查的样本。或付货时，代表该批纸张作茧自缚规格检查的样本。 Outer former A former containing the pages which fall on the outside of the sheet when fielded. It therefore contains the first and last page of the section. see Inner former. 正面版（面版） 装有折叠后在外的书页的印版；因此，它包括每帖的首尾两版在内。参阅反面版。 Outer margin (outside margin) Another term for Foredge margin.See Margins. 外白边 参阅上文和白边。 outline half-tone See silhouette half-tone. 轮廓半色调图片 参阅下文 Outline letters Typeface with only the outline defined. See Inline letters. 空心字体 只具轮廓线条的字体。参阅穿线字体。 Output Data or any form of communication coming out of a computer after processing. 输出 电脑处理后输出的数据或其他形式的通讯。 Out scanner A generic term for computer devices using the scanning method to form the images. Examples are:laser printer,plotter, image setter,etc. 输出用扫描机 用扫描 方式构成图像的电脑输出装置的总称。例如激光印字机，绘图机，图文影排机。 Outset (Outset) The folded section or item of promotional material wrapped round the host section. See Insert. 包帖 包着主帖的书帖或宣传材料。参阅套帖。 Over and back fold Also called Accordion fold,Zigzag fold. See Accordion fold. 之字折 亦称风琴折，扇形折。参阅风琴折 Over sewing A method of binding single leaves such as letters.statements, etc. A clean back is first given By guillotining and then given a coat of glue. When dry ,the leaves are sewn together by thread. If it is a large volume,the leaves are divided off into suitable sections and are sewn directly on cord or tape. Also called Overcastting, Whipstitching 绞缝订 把单页，例如信件、财务报表等订联的一种方法。先把订口切齐，然后涂一层薄胶。干后用针线订缝。若页数很多，可把它分成适量的帖，然后作加绳或加布带的订缝。 Overcastting See Over sewing 绞缝订 参阅上文。 Overdraw For Colour registration, the fractional enlarging of an image which is reversed out of another,. so that its outer borders fit under the surrounding image to prevent the risk of white fringes. Also called Spread .See Trapping. 加大轮廓 颜色套版，把在反白位加色的影像稍微放大，使加大后的周界楔入反白位之下，以防止白边的出现。参阅叠边。 Overheads costs associated with fixed liabilities such as wages, rents, electricity,etc, of running a business. 经常开支 属固定债项的业务经营费用。例如薪金、租金水费、电费等。 Overlap cover (Overhang cover ) A cover of a paper-back book which extends beyond the edges of the pages of the book.See Drawn-on cover. 出边书皮 平装书籍的书皮，它较书页大，向外伸出。 参阅粘脊书皮。 Overlay (1)Transparent cover to artwork to protect it form dirt and damage and containing instructions for reproduction. (2)In letterpress, the prepared paper used on the impression cylinder or platen to increase pressure on solid areas of relief plates. （1）盖面纸 （2）上垫 （1）放于美术稿上的透明封面。它保护稿件，免被污染及损坏，并可在上面写上复制指示。 （2）活版印刷，放于压力圆筒或压板外边的特别准备纸张。以增加印版实地部分的压力。 Overmaster Typeset matter which is too long to fit the space specified and so must be cut. Also called Overset. 超量字行 排字后，字行较预期多，现有篇幅不能容纳而需舍弃的多余字行。 Over printing (1)An additional printing over a previously printed sheet. (2)The exposure of a line image over a half-tone image in film. Also ,the exposure of a second negative on an area of the plate previously exposed to a different negative ; a method of combining line and half-tone image on plate. Also called Surprinting. （1）叠印 （2）套晒 （1）在印件上面再行施印的情况。 （2）在半色调底片上加晒线条影像的情况。亦是把线条影像和半色调影像在阴片上合并的一个方法；先用一张负片晒版，然后用另一负片加晒。 Overrun (1)Copies printed in excess of the specified printing number. (2)In typesetting,the turning over of words from line to the next for several successive lines after an insertion.See Run back. （1）过量数,（2）移行续排 （1）超过指定数量的印张。 （2）排字时，因加入文字，要把字转，向下移动多行的情况。参阅接行续排。 Overs (1)The quantity of printed items delivered to the customer above the net amount ordered and chargeable on a pro rata basis within laid down limits. (2)The extra quantity allowed for possible spoilage during production. （1）加印量 （2）加放量 （1）付交顾客实际订印量外的超额，在列明的限额内，按比例收费。（2）预计在生产过程中的损耗而容许的额外数量。 Over score A line printed over character or words.Also called Strike-through, Strike-out See Underscore. 删划线 加在字或字句上的横线。参阅底线。 Overset Alternative term for overmatter. 超量字行 参阅上文. Oversize book Books much larger than normal. 特大书籍 比普通书籍大很多的书。 Overstrike To place one character on top of another .For example, a Yen symbol could be produced by printing "Y"and overstocking an "equals"symbol. 重叠印字 在一字符上，上另一字符的情况。例如货币单位[元]的符号，可以在英文大写Y字上印上等号面成。 Oxidation Chemical action with the oxygen in the air. It is one of the principal ways in which printing ink dries. 氧化 与空气中的氧气起作用的化学作用。是印刷油墨干燥的主要方法之一。 Oxide Compound produced when an element has chemical action with oxygen. 氧化物 元素与氧作用而产生的化合物。 Ozalid print Print made by a form of diazo copying process and often used for proofing assembled film.See Blueline. 奥沙里稿样 用一种重氮晒印法造成的稿样，主要作大版的校对用。参阅蓝稿样。 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pack To compress and store data in a magnetic storage medium so as to save storage space.Unpack refers to decompressing . 密装 把数据压缩及贮存于磁体贮存媒介内以节省贮存空间。解开密装是把压缩的数据还原的意思。 Package A group of software programs and/or hardware which has been developed for a particular application and sold as unity. 套装 专为某项特别用途而制造的，并以一个整体出售的一组硬件或软件程式。 Packing The paper or other material placed beneath a printing plate, or blanket, to raise its surface to the desirable height so as to achieve the suitable printing pressure. 衬垫 放于印版或胶布下的纸张或其他物料。它垫高印版或胶布，使之符合所需要的高度，从而获得适当的印刷压力。 Packing density Amount of information which can be stored on a magnetic storage medium. 密装度 某个磁体贮存媒介所能盛载的资料数量。 Packing gauge A measuring instrument which is used to determine the space between plate, or blanket,and the cylinder bearers and thus,the amount of packing needed. 衬垫厚度计 测量仪器。用来测量印版，胶布和圆筒肩铁间的空位，因此而决定衬垫所需的厚度。 Pad printing It is an indirect intaglio printing process. A pad , made of plastic,obtained the images from an engraved copper or steel plate by stamping.The pad ,carrying the images,moved to a position directly over the images by the motion of stamping. This is a process widely used for printing small items of irregular shape or surface and made of various materials It can be referred to as offset. 移印 是一种间接凹版的方法。用一个胶的移印头压向蚀刻的铜或钢版，取得印纹。移印头移至被印物品的上面，然后压下，把印纹转印。移印广泛的应有和于印刷尺寸不大，由各类物料造成的不规则形状和表面的物品。可称之为间接凹版。 Padding (1)The application of adhesive to one of a stack of clamped loose sheets, to creates,to create a pad of sheets when dry. (2)Soft,light-weight packing materials added to a product to protect it during shipment.For example, corrugated and shredded paper,plastic foam,excelsior,etc. （1）造拍子部 （2）垫料 （1）把松散的纸张夹好，在纸一边涂上粘合剂；干后成为拍子部。 （2）用来填充空位，保护货物运送的柔软，轻身的包装材料如瓦通纸，碎纸条，发泡胶，细刨花等。 Page One side of a sheet or leaf of book, periodical, etc.A sheet or leaf consists of two pages. 页（版） 一张纸（或书本、杂志内的一张纸）的一面。一张纸有两面页（版）。 Page description language(PDL) In desktop publishing, a computer language allowing the description and formation of combined text and graphics. It is used to drive an output device, such as a laser printer or image setter.There are a number of PDLs, but the most popular one is the Postscript from Adobe System Inc. 页述语言 在桌面出版方面，组织图片和文字结合的电脑语言，用来推动输出装置如激光印字机或图文影排机。页述语言有多种，但最流行的是阿都比系统公司的后记码。 Page layout Plan for a page.It shows the relative position of all types and graphic elements. 书页设计图 书页的平面图。它显示所有的文字和美术图像的排放位置。 Page make-up (Page-up) Assembly of the elements of a page into their final design. 拼版 依照设计把各元素组合成一版的情况。 Page proof A proof of type after assembly into page form. 书页稿样 拼版后，书页版面的稿样。 Page pull test A test which is performed on adhesive bound book pages to determine the secureness with which pages are bound. 书页拉力测试 胶装书籍，鉴定书页的装订稳固度的测试方法。 Page reader An optical device capable of reading characters form a sheet of paper.See Optical Character Recognition 读书页机 可以阅读纸上字符的光学装置。参阅光学字符识别。 Page scrolling The movement, on a VDU, of an entire page (or screen) of data. 卷页 在显示器上，移动整页（或萤幕）资料的情况。 Pages per inch (ppi) Number of pages per on a printing plat, and therefore on one side of a printed sheet. 每寸页数 美国惯用的测量纸张厚度的方法。在一寸的高度内，有多少页计。参阅厚度，厚度号数。 Pages to view The number of pages on a printing plate,and therefore on one side of a printed sheet. 版上页数 在印版上的页数，即是印刷纸张一面上的页数。 Pagination The numbering of the make-up pages in consecutive order of a book. 编页码 在拼版后的书页加上顺序页码的情况。 Palette Artist's flat tablet for mixing colors on. Also a computer graphics feature which allows the user to select colors form a displayed selection,possibly including the ability to mix two or more Colour. 调色板 画家用来调配颜色的平板。亦是电脑美术的一项功能，它展示颜色，让使用者选择；并可以把两个或多个颜色混合。 Pallet (1)A wooden platform on which books or sheets of paper are loaded. It is decked at both top and bottom. With a fork-lift truck,the loaded pallet can be lifted and moved or even stacked one above the other to save storage space.See Skid,Stillage. (2)A brass hand tool used for blocking gold or blind lines on the covers or back of a book. （1）托板 （2）烙铁 （1）装载纸张或书本的木制平台。它的面和底都铺上木板。用叉车可以把整板物料升起搬运，亦可以把它堆起来，节省贮存空间。参阅堆纸板，台板。 （2）用来在书皮或书背上烫印金线或压印凹线的铜制手工具。 Pamphlet A generic term commonly used in the U.S. to mean leaflet, flyer or folder; booklet or brochure. However,the term is generally used to refer to the binding of booklets by means of saddle stitch or side stitch. 小册子 美国惯用的广义名词。泛指传单或折叠传单和小册子。可是，这个名词一般只当作小册子的产意思使用。 Pamphlet binding It is that branch of binding which produces leaflets, folders and booklets. However, the term is generally used to refer to the binding of booklets by means of saddle stitch or side stitch. 小册子装订 装订方法的一个类别。它制作传单，折叠传单和小册子。可是。这个名词一般指用骑马订或平订方法作小册子的装订。 Pan film Short for panchromatic film.See Panchromatic film. 全色菲林 参阅下文 Panchromatic film (Pan film) Photographic materials having an emulsion which is sensitive to all visible spectral colors. See Colour sensitivity. 全色菲林 能感应光谱上所有可见光的颜色的照相材料。参阅感色性。 Panel (1)In printing,a solid block of Colour,ink or foil, which is used as a background for other printed or stamped material;sometimes surrounded by a decorative border. (2)A top or side portion of a machine,usually of metal, which is removable for service access. (3)A surface containing indicators and/or control switches; a control panel. （1）色块 （2）镶板 （3）台 （1）在印刷方面，是一块油墨或色箔背景，在它上面加印或烫印其它资料；有时用花边把它围绕。 （2）机器顶部或侧面部份。它通常用金属造成，可以移开作机器维修或验查。 （3）载有指示器或操作按钮的表面，如控制台。 Panel pictures A group of photos requiring the same magnification, pasted up adjacent to one another,to be shot as a single half-tone. 相片画幅 把倍率大小相同的相片集合，并邻的贴在一起而成。方便一次把它们摄制成半色调图片。 Paper A thin sheet material produced by using rags.straw. wood or other fibrous material as its main constituent.A number of other substances are added to make it suitable for printing, writing, etc. When other special ingredients are added, paper of different characteristic are made. 纸 用破布，稻草，树木或其他纤维材料作主要原料而成的薄片物料。加入一些其他材料。使它适合印刷，书写等。当加入其它特别材料，可造成不同性质的纸。 Paper back Booksellers' term to mean soft-cover book as distinguish form hard-cover book. See Hardback. 普及本 是书商用名词，意指平装本，有别于精装本。参阅精装本。 Paper bound A book bound with a paper cover;also,referred to as a paper back, or soft cover book. 平装本 用纸作书皮的书；变称普及本。 Paper conditioning The process of adjusting the temperature and moisture content of paper so as to be in equilibrium with the air condition of the press-room. The crude method was to hang sheets of paper by clips which were fixed on the press-room ceiling. A more effective method would be the use of the paper conditioning machine. 晾纸 调整纸张的温度和水份含量，使它与印刷机房的气温平衡的过程。旧式方法把纸张分杨小量，一束束的装于机房天花板上的夹悬挂起来。效果较好的方法则用纸张调湿机。 Paper master Negatives produced on paper, instead of on film. 纸版 适合小型柯式机作小数量印刷的纸质印版。 Paper negatives Negatives produced on paper instead of on film. 相纸阴图 不在菲林物料而在相纸上造成的阴文图像。 Paper tape Strip of paper which records data as a series of punched holes arranged in "channels" or "tracks" across the width.Also called Perforated tape, Punched tape. 纸带 用连续打孔的方法记录数据的长条纸带。小孔横过纸宽，以“通道”或“轨道”排列。亦称穿孔纸带。 Paper mache Wasted papers repulped,mixed with stiffening additives,and molded to serve numerous purposes. 纸型 用废纸再造成浆，加入硬化剂，混合后，依照不同用途，制成模型。 Papyrus Egyptian reed form which the earliest form of paper was made. 纸草 埃及的芦苇草。最早期的纸是用它制成。 Paragraph opener Typographic device marking the start of a paragraph which needs emphasizing. The most commonly used paragraph opener is the "bullet". 起段符号 排字方面的图案，标志着重要段落的起点。最常用的起段符号是圆点。 Parallel circuit A circuit in which all the parts are connected to the same voltage but the current divides between them and later re-unites. 并联电路 电路内的各部件都连于同一的电压上，但电流于各部件间分开，过后再汇合。 Parallel fold Folding a sheet with all the folds parallel to each other. See Right-angle fold. 平行折 纸张的一折和前一折平行的折法参阅 直角折。 Parallel interface An interface which permits parallel bit transmission. See Parallel transmission. 并联接驳器 容许数元平行传送的接驳器，参阅并联传送。 Parallel port The connection for parallel interface. See Serial port. 并联插口 连接并联接驳器的插口。参阅串联插口。 Parallel transmission Data communications method where many lines are used. One line for each bit so that all the bits in a byte are sent at the same time, and thus the bytes arrive intact. Parallel transmission is faster than serial transmission and is widely used for transmission to printers.See Serial transmission. 并联传送 用多线的数据通信方法 。一数元用一线， 使一字节内的数元同时传送；这样，字节便完整的同时到达。并联传送较串联传送快，是传送往印字机的常用方法。参阅串联传送。 Parameter A variable whish can be set to a particular value for a specific operation. In computing, if parameters are optional, then default value are preset. 参数 是一些可变数值，它的量随某个操作而特别制定，在电脑方面，若参数是选择的，它先作一个无故障制定。 Parchment A writing material made from goat or sheep skin. An impregnated with vegetable oils. 羊皮纸 用山羊皮或绵羊皮造成的书写物料。充羊皮纸是把纸浸渍于植物油内而成。 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parentheses Round brackets. See Brackets. 圆括号（小括号）（夹注号） 圆的括号。亦称小括号、夹括号。参阅括号。 Parity bit A check bit added to a series of binary digits to make the total odd or even according to the logic of the system. It is used for checking and verification purposed. 奇偶校验 加于一组二进制数字内的一个校验数元。它跟据系统逻辑，使总数为奇数或偶数。作核对和校验用。 Part-mechanical paper Paper containing up to 50%of mechanical pulp with the balance chemical pulp. 部分机械木浆纸 含机械木浆和化学木浆的纸。机械木浆可达百分之五十，余下则为化学木浆。 Partwork Publication issued in a number of parts which can be purchased separately and which the combine to make up the whole. 分集制作 出版物以分集形式发行，可单独购买，然后集合成套。 Pass (1) One run through a machine.Also called Working. (2)An operation that realizes the completion of a job from input through processing to output. （1）工次 （2）过程 （1）经机器处理一次的情况。 （2）完成工作的操作；从输入经处理而输出的情况。 Pass for press Authorised the final form of a publication for printing. 付印 核准出版物的最后形式，授权印刷的情况。 Pass-on rate Estimated number of readers of a publication per copy sold. 传播率 每本卖出的出版物曾被多少人阅读的估计。 Password A character string,unique to the user and usually not displayed on any system peripheral, used to gain access to a system or a protected file or files within a system. 口令 使用者独有的字符串，用以进入一系统或系统内的档案。口令通常不曾显示于系统的外围设备上 Paste board Board made from several laminations of thinner sheets. Contrast to Homogenous board. 裱糊纸板 用多张较薄纸板裱贴而成的纸板。有别于均质纸板。 Paste drier A type of drivers used in inks. It contains metallic salts and is formulated to dry an ink without hindering the trapping properties of the next ink film or to top of it. 糊状干燥剂 油墨用的干燥剂之一种。它含有金属盐，其配方可使油墨干燥而不妨碍加印于它上面的油墨的牵引特性。 Paste-up Camera-ready artwork comprising all the elements of a job pasted into position for repro-photography. Also called Mechanical. 拼贴 复制照相用的美术稿；是把印件上的各个单元粘贴于适当位置而成。参阅上文。 Paster See Auto-paster, Flying paster. 接纸装置 参阅自动接纸装置。 Patch A temporary or quick fix to a program. Too many patches in a program make it difficult to maintain. 修补 对程式作临时或快速的修改。程式太多修补则难以持续。 Patch-up Assembling negatives to form a composite image. Synonym with Film make-up. 拼大版 把多张菲林负片或正片组合为一的情况。参阅上文。 Pattern matching systems Intelligent OCR systems capable of scanning and recognizing letters in running text by determining the patterns of letterform design, rather than working from stored and fixedformat fount templates held in memory as in the less sophisticated template-matching systems. Also called Intelligent character recognition (ICR), See OCR. 图形相配系统 智能光学字符识别系统。它可以连续的扫描内文及辨认字符设计。它不像简单的样板比较系统，要和存贮的字符样板作比较。亦称智能辨字系统。参阅 光学字符识别。 Pebble finished paper Paper with a pebbled patter added after making or sometimes after printing. 卵石纹纸 造纸后或间中在印刷后在纸上加上卵石纹理的纸。 Pebbling The process of embossing paper to give a pebble finished effect. 加卵石纹 在纸上用浮凸压印的方法加上卵石纹。 Pen ruling Method of producing ruled sheets with a set of pens, under which the sheet travels. 笔划线 用一排钢笔在移动的纸上画上平行线条的方法。 Penetration One of the ways in which inks dry.part of the ink vehicle penetrates into the paper due to its absorbency.Those left at the paper surface oxidized quickly and dried. 渗透 油墨干燥方法之一。油墨部分的展色剂因纸的吸收性而渗入纸内，余下部分迅速氧化而干燥。 Percentage dot area In an unit area, the percentage area of a half-tome that is covered by dots. 网点百分率 以单位面积计，黑实的半色调网点所占的百分率。 Perfect binding Also called Adhesive binding, Cut-back binding, Thermoplastic binding, Thread-less binding.See adhesive binding. 胶装 参阅上文。 Perfect case binding A type of case binding which uses glue adhesive instead of sewing to hold sections. 胶脊精装 不用锁线而用胶装方式连接各帖，然后配上硬皮的装订方式。 Perfecting Printing the other side of a sheet which has been printed already.Also called Blacking up. 印反面 纸张印过一面后，再印另一面的情况。参阅上文。 Perfector A printing press which prints both sides of a sheet of paper in a single pass through the press. 双面印刷机 一次性把纸张的两面同时施印的印刷机。 Perforated tape Synonymous with Paper tape,Punched tape.See paper tape. 穿孔纸带 是纸带的同义词。参阅纸带。 Per forating Punching a series of minute holes in paper so that a part mau be torn awau easily. There are three styles of perforating,viz round hole, slot and slit. Perforatong may be done on the printing machine by perforating may be done on the printing machine by perforating rule or by a pair of rotaty discs. 打孔 在纸上冲压一串微细小孔，这样，纸的部分便容易撕开。打孔有三种款式，即是：圆孔，长孔和裂线。这个工作可以在印刷机上进行，用打孔线或用一对滚动碟打孔。 Perforatig rules Steel rules which has a series of cuts for perforating sheet of paper. 打孔线 有着一串切口，用来在纸上打孔的钢线。 Perforator Key board which produces prunched paper tape. 打孔机 把纸带打孔的键盘。 Period Another word to mean a "full stop". 句号 完结一句的标点符号。 Peripheral Computer inprt or output device which is not part of the main computer unit.for ixample, a printer. 外围设备 不属电脑主机部分的输入或输出装置。例如一部印字机。 Permanent inks Inks which do not fade. Also called Lightfast inks. 耐久墨 不会褪色的油墨。亦称耐光油墨。 Pernanent paper Paper which is scid-free and made to stringent conditions for archival purpsdes. A neutral sized paper does not in itself qualify for the epithet of permamemt paper. 耐久纸 在严格条件下生产，作档案记录用途的无酸纸张。中性施胶的纸张，并不能称为耐久纸。 Personal computer (PC) Microcomputer for home or office use. 个人电脑 家庭或办工室用的微型电脑。 PH The potintial of hydrogen. Aterm which is used to describe the degree of acidety or alkalinity of a substance or solutio such as a sheet of paper or fountain solution. Rated with a scale number from 0 to 14, 7 is considered to be neutral, less than 7acid in nature, and greater than 7 alkaline. 酸碱值 用来表示物质或溶液的酸度或碱度的术语。用一个由0到14的数字尺度计算，7是中性，少于7是酸性，多于7的是碱性。纸张或水槽的酸碱程度就用它表示。 Phloroglucinol Chemical used on paperto test for woodfree or mechanical furnish. Phloroglucinol is applied to a paper: if the stain turns red it contains mechanical pulp.The depth of colour of the red stain indicates the percentage of mechanical fibre present. 间本三酚 用来化验纸张，验查它的浆料是否不含机械木浆的化学剂。把它涂上纸面，若痕迹仍然黄色，则不含机械木浆；若痕迹变红，则含水量机械木浆。红色痕迹颜色深浅，表示所含机械纤维的百分率。 Photo diode A small solid-state device capable of detecting the presnce or absence light; used in scanning technology.Charge coupled device (CCD) is a form of photo diode. 光二极管 应用于扫描科技上的能感应有光或无光情况的小型电晶体装置。电荷交配器是光二极管的一种。 Photo engraving A process to produce lettepress printing plate. See Block. 照相蚀刻 制活版印版的一个方法。参阅电版。 Photo-electric cell (Photo cell) A light-sensitive device which converts light signals into electrical signals. It is an important component for instrumints used in the printing industry such as densitometer, scanner, etc.It operates by the principle that light causing electrons to be set free from atoms of certain substances and produced a current which can be amplified and used to do work . 光电池 光敏感装置。它把光的讯号转为电的讯号。是印刷工业用的仪器，例如密度计，扫描机等的主要元件。它的操作原理是基于光使某类物质的原子放出电子而产生电流，把这些电流扩大后而应用。 (1) The photographic exposure of type images on film or paper. See Phototypesetting. (2)The exposure of images on plate using a step-and-repeat machine. （1）照相排字 （2）连晒 （1）用照相方法把字体影像在相纸或菲林上曝光的情况。 （2）用连晒机把影像在印版上曝光的情况 Photocopy Duplicate of a document,etc.produced either by xerographecor electrofax process.See Eletrostatic printing. 影印本 用干影印或电传影印造成的文件副本。参阅静电印刷。 Photogram Print made by the exposure of an object directly on photographic paper. 实物构图 直接用光把一个物体投射于相纸上所造成的图像。 Photography The various techniques which use light to procucer a latent or permanent image on a light sensitive material,inclluding projection and contact exposure methods. 摄影术 用光在感光物料上造成潜影或永久影像的各种技巧。它包括投射和接触曝光方法。 Photogravure An intaglio printing process in which images on the printing plate are photographically produced. Commonly called "gravure". See Gravure. 照相凹版 用照相方法造成印纹的凹版印刷方法。 参阅上文。 Photolettering Method of setting display sized type photographically from film master. 照相标题字 用照相方法经菲林母片影排标题字的方法。 Photolithography Lithographic process with photographically produced images for printing. With the introduction of the offset method,the term Photo-offset lithography was used. See Lithography,Offset. 照相平版 用照相方法制版式的平版印刷方法。采用间接印刷方式后，改称为[照相间接平版]。参阅石印（平版），柯式。 Photomechanical process A general term for any reproduction process in which photography is employed in the production of the printing surface; including photoengrving (relief plate),ptotogravure (intaglio plate) and photolithography (planographic plate). 照相制版法 广义名词，泛指用照相方法制成印版而印刷的各种方法；包括照相蚀刻（凸版），照相凹版（凹版）和照相平版（平版）。 Photomechanical transfer (PMT) Paper negative exposed in the normal way and developed in contact with positive matterial. During thes process,the image is transferred from negative to positive and the negative is then discarded.The final image may be on paper, film or offset plate. Also called Diffusion transfer. 照相移印 用一般曝光法把纸底片曝光，然后和正片材料接触显影。在此过程，影像由阴像转为阳像，底片则弃去不要。影像可移印在纸、菲林或金属柯式版上。亦称扩散转移。 Potopolymer A polymer formed by the action of light. In printing, it is a material commonly used as image forming coating for long run offset plates. It can be formulated for use as relief plates which can be used on letterpress or flexogaphic press.See Polymer. 光聚合物 由光的作用形成的聚合物。在印刷方面，它常用作长版柯式印版的涂剂，形成印纹。它亦可调配成凸版用的印版材料，供活版或胶版（柔性版）印刷。参阅聚合物。 Phototypesetting machine (Phototypesetter) A device for setting type by photographecally exposing film or paper through a film matrix fount or a digital fount; usually controlled by keyboard, tape, disc, or signals from a comprter system. 照相排字机 用光经一副菲林字模或一副数码字在菲林或相纸上曝光排字的机器；它通常由键盘、磁带、磁碟或由电脑系统所发出的讯号控制。 Pi characters Special characters outside the normal alphabetic range and not normally contained in a standard fount,e.g. maths symbols etc. 特别字符 不入标准西文字母，又并不包括在一副常规字体内的特别字符。例如数学符号等等。 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pica A unit of typographic linear measurement in which one pica equal to 12 points. The pica is approximately 4.21 mm or one-sixth inch. See Em, Piont system. 倍卡 排字上用的长度单位，1倍卡等于12点。1倍卡约为4.21毫米或六分之一寸。参阅正方，点度制。 Pick tester An instrunent which measures the pick resistance of paper,throrgh the use of inks haveng known degrees of tack. 剥纸测试机 用已知粘度的油墨测量纸张表面对剥纸抗力的仪器。 Picking The undesirable removal of fibres from the printing surface of a sheet of paper; occurring when the tack of the ink exceeds the surface strength of the paper. 剥纸 印刷时，油墨粘度高出纸面强度，造成纸面纤维被剥离的不良情况。 Picosecond One thousandth of a nanosecond. Measurement of computer processing speed. Abbreviated psec. 皮秒 千分之一纳秒。量度电脑处理速度的单位。符号是psec。 Pictogram The first form of recording thoughts and deeds by drawing pictures. It is a powweful way of communicating simple and straight forward matters, but cannot convey complex idea. 象形文字 最初用来记录思想或行为的图画。交流单间和直接的事物，它是一种强而有力的方法，但不能传达复杂的概念。 Picture element The smallest dot or element of an image that can be displayed and addressed.Shorten to "Pixel". See Pixel. 像素 能够显示和注明地址的最细点子或元素。参阅下文。 Pie chart A graphic diagram representing a pie, the portions of which vay to indicate values or percentages. 圆形图 状似圆饼的美术图形，它的切开部分表示不同的数值或百分率。 Pigment Pigments are insoluble coloured substances.There are many types of pigments for the production of printing inks, such as natural and manufactrues inorganic pigments,synthetix organic pigments and carbon black. 颜料 颜料是不能溶解的有色物质。制造油墨用的颜料有多种，例如：天然和人造无机颜料，合成有机颜料和碳黑。 Pigment foil Coloured foils used for blocking. 色箔 作烫印用的彩色箔。 Pigskin Tough and durable book covering material made from the hide of a pig. 猪皮 用猪的皮制成的结实和耐久的书皮材料。 Pile feeder An automatic sheet feeding mechanism providing input to a press or a folding machine. 纸堆给纸器 自动给纸的机械结构：是印刷机或折纸机的输入装置。 Piling The builup or agglomeration of ink pigment or paper dust on press rollers, plates or blankets. See Caking. 堆墨 积聚在印刷机的墨辊间，版面或胶布上的油墨颜料或纸粉团块。参阅上文。 Pin feed The method of feeding continuius stationery by lining up pins on the machines with a series of small holes in the paper. 圆钉给纸 边续表格的给纸方法。纸的两边打上连串小孔，对齐机器上的钉而被带动。 Pin register system A set of appliances whech use pin and holes to assure accurate register of copy, film and plates furing their priparation; especially important for the register of prscess colour prining. Also called Punch register system. 圆钉定位系统 在处理稿件、菲林和印版时，用钉对孔的方法以确保准确定位的一套设备。在四色彩印方面，对位问题特别重要。亦称打孔定位系统。 Pimhole A small, unwanted,transparent area in a photo graphic film emulsion; due to dust on copy,copyboard glass or film. 针孔 因原稿、稿架玻璃或菲林上的灰尘而造成菲林乳剂上一些细小、无用的透明小点。 Piping (1)In paper, the formation of ridfes in a reel of paper left standing without a wterproof wrapper as the paper takes in or gives out moisture. (2)In film laminating over an ink film which is not perfectly dry. 管状故障 （1）卷筒纸当失去防水包装纸而存放一段时间后，会因吸入或放出水分而形成山脊似的情况。 （2）裱胶时，胶层表面有着坚硬管状条子的情况。主要成因是油墨尚未干透而加工所致。 Pitch The horizontal spacing of type-writer or impact printer characters. Common pitches are 10, 12, and 15(10, 12, 15 characters to the linear inch). 字阔度 打字机或撞压式印字机的字符阔度。常见的字阔度是10、12和15（即是每寸长度内分别有10、12或15个字符）。 Pixel A comtraction of picture elements.It is the minut individual image/non-image areas created by the digitisation of type or graphics. A pixel is the smallest dot in the system which can be manipulated for its brightness and colour. 像素 是图像元素的缩写。把字体或美术图形数码化后，构成画面的影像和非影像的最细面积。像素是该系统内最小的点子，每一像素的明暗和颜色可单独的操纵和调整。 Pixel editing The process of examining and deleting individual pixels, typically around the outside of images, in order to tidy up outlines. 校订像素 沿着影像边缘，检查和删除个别像素，使边线整齐的操作。 Planer Block of wood used as a pad for tapping lettepress type into place on the surface of the stone. 平版木 垫着敲打，推平装版台上的活版铅的木块。 Planning All the process involved in deciding the imposition scheme,drawing the layout and laying pages down onto the carrier sheets in correct sequence, etc,ready for platemaking. 装版操作 从决定装版方式，绘画装版图和把小版依次序摆放于基片上，以可以晒版的各项工作。 Planographic printing Printing from a plate where the images and non-images are on the same plane. For example, lithographic printing, offset and collotype. 平版印刷 印版上的印纹和非印纹在同一个平面上的印刷方法。例如：石印、柯式和珂罗版印刷。 Plastic comb binding Pages of a book are held together by means of plastic comb.It es one of the mechanical binding methods. 胶圈装 是机械式装订的一种。它用胶圈把书页结合一起。 Plastic film A geeric term to mean any thin film of plastic; including acetate, polyester, polythene, etc. 胶片 广义名词。泛指各类塑胶薄片，包括醋酸胶片，聚脂，聚乙烯等等。 Plastic plate A type of duplicate plates for relief printing. It uses plastic materials and produced either by pressing or casting. See Duplicate plate. 塑胶版 一种凸版印刷用的复制版。用塑料材料分别用压模法或铸造法制成。参阅复制版。 Plastics Solid materials made from synthetic resins, haveng appreciable mechanical strength, which at a suitable stage of manufacture can be cast, moulded or polymerised directly to a shape. 塑胶 用合成树脂制成的固体一物料。它具相当的机械强度，在适当的生产阶段，可以依照模型铸造或压造或直接聚合成形。 Plate (1) Any one-piece of , printing surface. (2) An illustration printed separately from the text, on different type of paper and attached to a book. （1）印版 （2）图版 （1）印刷用的任何片块。 （2）用不同纸张，与内文分开施印，然后附入书内的插图。 Plate cylinder The press cylinder which xarries the plate. 版圆筒 印刷机上装载印版的圆筒 。 Plate etch A desensitising solution applied to a litho plate to increase the hydrophillic property of the non-image areas. Gum arabisis a common ingredient in a plate etch. 版面腐蚀 施于柯式版面的消感溶液，它增加非印纹部分的亲水性。阿拉伯胶是版面腐蚀的主要成份。 Plate projection system A plat exposure system which works by projecting the image from microfilm or compact roll film rather than by the same-size one-to-one contact printing of films. 投影制版系统 用微摄菲林或小型卷筒菲林内的影像投射于印版上的晒版系统，有别于用原大菲林和接触晒印的方法。 Plate scanning The electronic scanning of a pres-ready plate to generate a record of the image arease in relation to its location across the press. The imformation information is stored in tape or disc which can be used to set the printing machine ink keys for make-ready. 印版扫描 把准备印刷的印版用电子扫描，记录印纹面积和它的相关位置，贮存于磁带或磁碟上。校机时，用它调校印刷机上的供墨钥匙。 Plateless printing Latent images were formed by computer data, toner developed and then transferred to the substrate to be printed. It includes electrostatic printing and ink-jet printing. Also called Pressureless printing. 无版印刷 由电脑数据造成静电潜影，用色剂显影，然后转印到承印物上的方法。它包括静电印刷和喷墨印刷。又称无压力印刷。 Platen Small letterpress printing machine on which the paper is held in the platen and pressed up against the vertically-held type-bed. 平压机 小型活版印刷机。纸张摆稳于压板上，然后压向垂直的装版台的机器。 Plotter Device which draws graphics from computer instructions with a pen or other medium. 绘图机 依照电脑指示，用笔或其他工具画美术图形的装置。 Plucking Synonymous with Picking. See Picking. 剥纸 参阅上文。 Ply Number of sheets of paper or board pasted together for strength, Thus; 2-ply, 3-ply, etc. 层 表示多少张纸或纸板粘结一起，增加强度的情况。例如两层、三层等。 Point A unit of type measurement which is approximate 0.351 mm or 0.013837 inch. Abbreviated to pt. See Point system. 点 字体的大小单位。1点约等于0.35毫米或0.013837寸符号是Pt。参阅点数制。 Point size Alternative term for type size. The point size is the distance from the belly of a type to its back. Also, it is the distance between the ascender line and the descender line of a typeface design.See Body size. 字大小 铅字粒的字腹到字背间的距离。亦即是字面设计上的上升笔划线到下降笔划线间的距离。参阅字身大小。 Point system The main system of typographic measurement. There are two Point systems, viz:the commonly use British-American Point system and the Didot point system. See Didot point system. 点数制 字体大小的主要计量制度。有两个体制度，即是常用的英美制和狄多点制。参阅狄多点制。 Poise The unit for measuring viscosity of a liquid. One poise is one tenth of the pressure in Pascal exertes in the liquid in a second. water at 20ºC has a viscosity of one centi-poise. 泊 是液体的流阻度的计量单位。一泊是该液体每秒感应十分之一帕斯卡的压力的情况。清水在摄氏20度时的流阻度是百分之一泊。 Polarity (1) A property of ilectric charges, either negativeor positive. (2) A property of a magnetic field, either north pole or south pole. 极性 （1）电荷的一种特性，它不是负电，就是正电。 （2）磁场的一种特性，它不是北极，就是南极。 Polarization All light travels in the form of waves, and these waves vibrate in all direcions along its path. Polarions of the waves to one plane only. 偏光化 光是以波动形式前进，并沿着前进路线向四方八面振动。偏光化的效果是把光波的振动限制于单一个平面上。 Polarizing filter A filter which produces the effect of polarization. It transmits light waves travelling in one specific plane only and excludes all othe waves of light. It can be used to eliminate unwanted reflections such as flare and can also be used to darkin blue sky. 偏光滤色片 造成偏光化效果的滤色片。它只容许向某一特定平面振动的光波穿过而排除鞭其他光波。它可以用来消除无用的反射如闪烁光；也可以用来加深天空的蓝色。 Polyester A plastis synthetic resin (polymirs of esters). Similar in stability and toughniss to acetate,but more flexible. Used as a stable overlay material and as a photographic film base. 聚酯 一种合成树脂的塑胶（酯的聚合物）。它的稳定性和坚固度与醋酸胶片相似，但较为柔韧。作覆面物料和照相菲林的片基用。 Polymer Natural or synthetic plastic-like substances having molecule in a high relative molecular mass formed by the chemical linking of many simple molecules, of the same substance. 聚合物 类似塑胶的人造或天然物体。由许多简单而属于同一种物质的分子，通过化学结合而形成，并具有较高的相对分了质量。 Polmeristion The chemical formation of a polymer from a simpler compound called a monomer. 聚合化 由称为单体的较简单化合物经化学方法形成聚合物的情况。 Polypropylene Plastic film rather like clear polythene. In its oriented form, the most common material for film lamination. See OPP film. 聚丙烯 一种塑料胶膜，它和透明的聚乙烯相似。向性化的聚丙烯是最常用的裱胶材料。参阅向性聚丙烯胶膜。 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Polythene(Polyethlene) A plastic synthetic derived ultimately frompetroleum(polymerised ethylene).In low-density form it is flexible;in high-densityform it is rigid. 聚乙烯 主要用石油（聚合化的乙烯）衍生的人造塑胶。若以低密度成形，它是柔韧；若以高密度成形，则是坚硬。 Polyvinyl acetate(PVA) A flexible coldmelt adhesive made fromsynthetic resins.It has low initial tack butgood penetration and excellent flexibility,widely used for perfect binding(especially in conjunction with hot-melt adhesive as two-shot proces);for spine gluing in sewn work;for tipping on endpapers;and for casing in.It needs forced drying methods such as using heat,etc. 聚乙烯醇 用人造树脂制成的柔韧冷胶。它的粘度初时很低，但渗透度高和十分柔韧。它广泛的用作胶装（特别是连同热熔胶一起，作两次胶胶装）线装的胶脊；衬纸粘贴和上书壳。它需要用热力或其他的强化干燥方法。 Polyvinyl chloride(PVC) A plastic synthetic derived from petroleum,mainly used as a water-proofing coating onbookbinding materials and similar.In liquid form,it may be used for impregnation intobase paper for water-proofing and durability. 聚氯乙烯 石油衍生的人造塑胶，主要用途是 施加于装订材料或其他物料的表面上作防水层。在液体形态下，可以浸渍基纸，使它防水及耐用。 Pop-ups A pair of facing pages lie flat when they are close.As they are opened,the cut-out figuresinside stand erect to produce a 3-D effect. 立体造形 一对双对页闭合时，是一个平面，打开时，页内的轮廓图形弹起，造成立体效果。 Porosity The degree of openness between the fibres ofa paper,which is significant to air and inkpenetration. 透气度 纸内纤维间的空隙情况，它对空气和油墨的渗入，有直接的影响。 Port An external connector that provides input and/or output connection to or from a computer. 插口 连接电脑的输入和输出的外部接驳器。 Portability In software terms,the design of programs thatallows them to be run on more than onecomputer system.An identical name is no guarantee of portability.BASIC,for example,has many dialects,few of which a truly portable. 吻合性 是软件方面的词语，指电脑程式的设计，可以在多少不同的电脑系统上使用的情况。相同名字的程式并不保证它的吻合性。例如“单式语言”就有多种语法，只有少数具真正的吻合性。 Portrait The shape of an illustration or page with theshorter dimension in horizontal direction andlonger dimension vertical.Also called Up-right. 直立式 图片或书页的形状；它短边水平而长边垂直。参阅横式。 Positive A photographic image on paper,film or plate,which corresponds directly to the original copy or scene; the reverse of a negative.See Negative. 正片（阳片） 在相纸，菲林或版面上的照相影像，它与原稿或原来景物吻合；是负片的相反词。参阅负片。 Positive-working plates Offset-litho plates which are exposed using positive. 阳片版 用正片（阳片）晒印的柯式印版。 Post Binding A type of loose leaf binding.The binder and binding post range in complexity from simple cover and screw to heavy-weight covers with posts riveted permanently into the cover.See Loose leaf binding. 螺柱装 是活页装的一种。螺柱夹的封面和螺柱，有不同的复杂程度；从简单的封面和螺丝钉到重量级的封面，而螺丝柱则是永久性，用柳钉钉入封面内。参阅活页装。 Poster A single sheet in a large size printed on one side only for public display. 海报 只印单面，并在公众地方张贴的大尺寸印张。 Poster paper Test designed to determine the ability to withstand the effects of rubbing and scuffing of printing ink. 海报纸 一面光滑，另一面粗糙，适合粘贴的纸。 Posterization Darkroom techniques which turn the continuous tones of a photograph into three or four flat tones;to produce a picture resembling a poster.Also called Tone separation. 海报化 把连续色调的相片用黑房技巧转为三至四个平调，造成像海报的图画的情况。亦称色调分离。 Postscript A page description language developed by, Adobe Systems Inc. of America.It is a computer programming language which tells a corresponding output device how to print the page.A page printed on any Postscript output devices,such as laser printers or image-setters, will be identical except for its resolution. 后记码 由美国阿都比系统公司开发的页述语言。它是一种电脑程式语言，指示一部有关的输出装置如何把一页印出。任何使用后记码的输出装置，如激光印字机或图文影排机等，它们的输出效果，除解像度外，其他相同。 Postscript fount A fount specially written in PostScript code which can be used in a PostScript-compatible printer or image-setter. 后记码字 特别用后记码编写的一套字体，可应用于后记码兼容的印字机或影排机上。 Powdering See Chalking. 粉化 参阅上文。 P -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Powerless etching A method of etching letterpress printing plates in one step. 无粉腐蚀 只需一个步骤就制成活版的腐蚀方法。 Power pack The component which supplies and controls electrical current to other computer components. 电力组装 供应及控制其他电脑组件的电流的元件。 Pre-press operations All operations prior to press;i.e. all the operations that turn copies to printing plates. Also called Origination. 印前操作 印刷前的各项工作；即从原稿到制成印版的各项工作。 Pre-print Part of a job previously printed which is then re-wound ready for running in with other matters.One type of pre-print is the colour advertisement in newspapers.The pre-prints are delivered to various places for the additional printing of local news.Other type of pre-print is the multi-language magazines of pictorials.Colour pictures are printed centrally and the additional printing of texts in different languages. 预印 印刷后，把印张返卷，准备再次印刷，加上其他资料的情况。常见的预印是报纸的彩色广告，它集中施印后，分送个别地区，然后加印该区的新闻。另一种预印是多语文的杂志或书刊内的彩图，它集中施印后，再分别加印不同的文字。 Precision register quoins Quoins on which the degree of adjustment can be set precisely. 精密定位字锁 可以作准确及精细调校的字锁。 Preface Formal statement before the text of a book by the author,explaining how he came to write the book.As distinct from Foreward. 序言 书本正文前的正式说明，由作者撰写，解释他写作该书的目的和原因。有别于前言。  更多文章
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