专业词汇 |
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世界银行业务词典（2）
发布时间：2011-7-18 10:48:00|| 点击：6264次|| 文章分类：专业词汇|| 发布人：翻译家(Fanyijia.com)
catalytic role
The way a project encourages other potential cofinancers to join in the project. 催化作用 指一个项目所具有的能鼓励其他潜在融资者参 加的作用。 catch basin; catchment area 汇水区 catch crop A quick-growing crop, planted and harvested between two regular crops in consecutive seasons or between two patches of regular crops in the same season. 添闲作物 指在前后不同季节的两种正常作物之间、或在同 季节的两种不同作物之间种植的一种快熟作物。 catchment area; catch basin 汇水区 categorical grant; targeted grant Grant given by central government for specific purposes. 专项赠款；定向赠款 指中央政府为特定目的所作的赠款。 Category I countries [IBRD] Industrial member countries. 第一类国家 [国际复兴开发银行] 指工业化国家会员国。 Category II countries [IBRD] Developing member countries. 第二类国家 [国际复兴开发银行] 指发展中国家会员国。 cattle on the hoof Live cattle. 未屠宰牲畜 活牲畜。 cattle unit Unit for measuring number of animals - cattle = 1, sheep = 1, goat = 0.05, fowl = 0.01, pig = 0.2-0.4. 牲畜单位 衡量牲畜数量的单位：牛=1，绵羊=1，山羊=00.5， 家禽=0.01，猪=0.2-0.4。 caucus (of countries at Annual Meetings) （世界银行年会上的）国家集团 ceiling price The maximum price which may be charged, regardless of what price would be reached through the natural forces of supply and demand. 最高限价 不管通过供求关系自然达到的价格是多少而只 能收取的最高价格。 center pivot sprinkle irrigation Type of irrigation which consists of a central pivot linked to a water supply and a long arm extending from this central pivot which sprays water on crops, often with subsidiary arms extending from the major one. 中心旋转喷灌 一种灌溉方法，它包括一个连接水源的中心枢纽 和伸展而出对作物进行喷灌的长臂，通常在长臂 上还有一些辅臂。 61 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Central Bank Facility-CBF* 中央银行融通资金（简写为CBF） centrally managed costs Costs which are the responsibility, for budgetary purposes, of the institution as a whole, as opposed to those that are the responsibility of individual units. 中央管理的费用，集中管理的费用 指预算中对机构整体负责的费用；区别于那些对 各个单位负责的费用。 见unit-managed costs centrally planned economy (country) 中央计划经济；实行中央计划经济的国家 central rate [exchange rates] 中心汇率；中心汇价 [汇率] central vice presidencies [IBRD] Vice presidencies in IBRD responsible for the central research and operations support functions. 中央副行长 [国际复兴开发银行] 国际复兴开发银行负责中央研究和业务支持的 副行长。 certificate of deposit Certificate of an interest-bearing time deposit with a bank. 定期储蓄存单 在某银行中的有息定期储蓄存款单。 certificate of payment 支付凭证 certified seed The progeny of breeder， select， foundation or registered seed so handled as to maintain satisfactory genetic purity and identity. 经鉴定的种子 指保持着满意的遗传纯度和特征的原种、精选 种、基础种或注册种的后代。 ceylon cotton; tree cotton; Siam cotton; China cotton 锡兰棉；木棉；暹罗棉；中国棉 chain index An index number derived by relating the value at any given period to the value in the previous period rather than to a fixed base. 环比指数 指通过把某一时期的数值与前一时期的数值相 比，而不是与固定基期相比而得出的指数。 chair, constituency of an Executive Director [World Bank] 一个执行董事的选区、席位 [世界银行] chair representing ... [World Bank Executive Directors] 代表…席位 [世界银行执行董事会] changes clause [US] A clause in a contract giving a contracting officer the right to make unilateral changes to a contract, provided that the changes are within the general scope of the contract. 变更条款 [美国] 合同中的一项条款，它给予签约官员单方面对合 同作某些变更的权力，但这种变更仅限于合同总 的范围以内。 changes in working capital statement 流动资金变化 表 见 statement of changes in financial position channel [trade] 渠道，途径 [贸易] channel, river 航道，河流 charge; lien [legal] 托管物，留置权（法律） chargeback 回索，结算 charge number [currency pool] An intermediate variable used to calculate currency pool interest, it is determined by revaluing each day's current dollar-equivalent balance to the present using the product of the duality revaluation factors between that day and the present, with the sum of these daily revalued balances representing the charge number. 计息积数 [货币总库] 这是用来计算货币总库中贷款利息的一个中间 变量。它是通过以下方式得出的：把迄今为止的 每日美元现价等值余额用每日和现时之间的二 重再估价系数进行重新估算。 这些每日重估价后 的余额的和，就是计息积数。 charge of capital; carrying cost (of capital) The interest on debit balances. 62 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 资本费用；（资本）置存成本； 即借方余额中的利率。 charges [utilities] 收费 [公用事业] chart 图表 见 bar chart; chart of accounts; construction progress chart; flip chart; flow chart; performance chart; process chart; progress chart; scatter chart charter (of a company) （公司的）章程，执照 charter party - c/p A contract between shipowner and charterer for the carriage of goods or hire of vessel for a period of time. 租船契约，租船合同（简写为c/p） 船主与租船者之间为运送货物或在一定时间内 租用船只而订立的合同。 chart of accounts A systematically arranged list of accounts applicable to a specific concern giving account names and numbers, if any. 会计科目表；帐户一览表 为特殊目的而设立并经过系统整理的帐户一览 表，注有帐户名称和帐号。 cherry picking 选择最好的 chief economist 首席经济学家 child mortality 儿童死亡率 亦见infant mortality China cotton; Ceylon cotton; Siam cotton; tree cotton 中国棉；锡兰棉；暹罗棉；木棉 chlorofluorocarbon - CFC 氟氯烃（简写为CFC） churn factor Leased space to handle demand surge and space modifications. 暂时租用的办公用房 为解决用房需求的增加和装修而租用的房屋。 cistern flush latrine Latrine where the water for flushing comes from a cistern. 水箱式冲洗厕所 冲水来自于水箱的厕所。 civil commotion Events which have all the characteristics of a riot but which are more widespread and of longer duration, without, however, attaining the status of civil war, revolution, rebellion or insurrection. Covered by MIGA under the war and civil disturbance category. 内部骚动 [多边投资担保机构] 指具有一切暴乱特征的事件，但范围更为广泛， 持续事间更长，然而没有达到内战、革命、造反 或起义的程度。在多边投资担保机构保险范围内 属“战争与国内动乱”类别。 参见riot civil service 公务员，文官 civil works; public works 土建工程；土木工程 claim 权利要求，债权；索赔 亦见financial claim； financial claimes of government claim [mining] 对某片土地（矿产）的权利要求 [采矿] claim (on resources) （对资源的）权利要求 claused bill of lading; dirty bill of lading A bill of lading that has been endorsed by the shipowner as the goods described in the bill do not conform to what is offered for shipment, e.g. package missing, goods damaged, etc. 附有批注的提单；不洁提单 经船主背书的提单，说明提单所描述的货物与交 运的货物不符，例如包装缺失，货物受损等。 clawback provision Clause in an underwriting agreement for a security that restricts the issue to a certain group, e.g. domestic buyers, till demand from that group is satisfied. 63 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 回补条款 指证券包销协议中的一项条款，它限定向某一群 体发售该证券，例如向国内购买者，直至该群体 的需求达到满足。 clean bill of lading A bill of lading which has no superimposed clause(s) expressly declaring a defective condition of the packaging or goods. 清洁提单，货物完好无损的提单 没有附加条款以说明包装和货物有缺陷的提单。 clean coal Coal produced by a cleaning process. 净煤 经清洗工序生产出来的煤炭。 clean fuel Fuel that causes little or no pollution 清洁燃料 几乎或者完全不产生污染的燃料。 clean-up (environmental) 净化环境，清除（环境的）污染 clearance 清理，出清，票据交换，纯益计算 亦见slum clearance；tax clearance clearing [agriculture] 已清理出的一片土地 [农业] clearing house An organization set up by financial institutions agreeing to initiate and receive among themselves electronic funds transfers authorized by their customers. 票据交换所，清算机构，交流中心 指由金融机构设立的票据交换机构，客户用以在 各金融机构之间按客户授权进行电子资金转帐。 client country 委托国；客户国 clinker 渣块，烧结块；头等货 closed-end investment company, fund [US]; investment trust [UK] Investment company with a fixed number of shares outstanding. The shares represent an interest in the fund's portfolio. New shares may not be issued. 限额型投资公司，限额基金 [美国]；投资 信托公 司 [英国] 是指发行固定数量股票的投资公司，这些股份代 表在公司的证券组合中拥有一定的权益，一般不 发行新股。 closely-held corporation A corporation whose stock is held by a small group, usually with an agreement that if a member of the group desires to sell any part of the ownership, it must first be offered to the other members of the group. 寡头控股公司，股东人数有限的股份公司 指由一个小集团拥有的公司，通常有一项协议， 规定如果集团中某一成员想出售其任何一部分 所有权的话，必须首先出售给集团中的其他成 员。 close of business - c.o.b. 停止办公时间，截止时间（简写为c.o.b） closing date 结帐日；交 割日期；截止日期 closing stock [livestock] Number of animals held at the end of an accounting period. 期末存栏数 [牲畜] 指一个会计期末牲畜的数量。 closure of the proceeding [ICSID] 终止诉讼 [解决投资争端国际中心] club deal Loan whereby, instead of one bank being designated lead bank and others comanagers or underwriters, the various functions these carry out are divided among a limited group of members, in order to save fees. 联合筹资交易，集团性筹资交易 在贷款业务中，不是由一家银行担任牵头银行， 其他各家为共管经理或承保人，而是把各项职能 在有限的成员中进行分工，以节省费用。 club loan Loan whereby, instead of one bank being designated lead bank and others comanagers or underwriters, the various functions these carry out are divided among the members, in order to save fees. 集团性贷款 在贷款业务中，不是由一家银行担任牵头银行， 其他各家为共管经理或承保人，而是把各项职能 64 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 在成员中进行分工，以节省_____费用。 cluster analysis A statistical procedure for arranging a number of objects in homogeneous subgroups based on their mutual similarities and hierarchical relationships. 归纳分析 一种统计程序，即把一些事物按相互间的相似性 和等级关系，整理成同类的子组。 cluster audit OED audit of several operations together in one audit in order to analyze critical issues in a wider sector or country context. 归并审计 世界银行业务评价局把几个项目放在一起进行 审计，目的是在较广泛的部门或国家范围内分析 关键性的问题。 cluster sampling When the basic sampling unit in the population is to be found in groups or clusters (e.g. human beings in households) the sampling is sometimes carried out by selecting a sample of clusters and observing all the members of each selected cluster. 整群抽样 一种抽样方法。当母体中的基本抽样单位是按 群、组分类时（如家庭中的人口），有时抽样方 式是选择一类样本群组，然后对被选择的群组中 的每一个样本单位的全体成员进行观察。 coal-based fuel 煤基燃料 coal field 煤田 coal fired power station 燃煤发电站 coal gasification 煤的气化 coal liquefaction 煤的液化 coarse grain(s) Cereal grains used to feed livestock. 粗粮 用来饲养牲畜、家禽的粮食。 coastal shipping 沿海航运 coastal state 沿海国家 coastal strip country Country consisting of a small strip of land with an outlet to the sea. Examples include Gambia and Togo. 狭长的沿海国家 国土狭长并具有出海口的国家，例如冈比亚和多 哥。 codetermination; comanagement; management participation system System which gives employees the right to be represented in the decisions of a corporation. 共同决策；共同管理；参与管理制 一种给予雇员权利的参与公司决策制度。 co-exposure [insurance] 共同承担风险 [保险] cofinanc(i)er 联合贷款者，共同融资者 cofinancing 联合贷款，共同融资 coinsurance Insurance where a number of insurers share the risk or where insured and insurer share the risk. 联合（共同）保险 由若干承保人分担风险，或受保险人和承保人分 担风险的保险方式。 亦见qualitative coinsurance; guantitative coninsurance coke oven gas 炼焦炉煤气 coke oven plant 炼焦炉工厂，焦化厂 coking coal Coal which can be converted into useful coke that must be strong enough to withstand handling. 炼焦煤，焦炭 一种可转化为经得起装运的有用的焦炭的煤。 colead manager Lender ranking next to lead manager in a Euroloan. 65 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 共同负责的经理 在欧洲货币贷款中仅次于首席经理的贷款人。 collateral 抵押资产；担保品 collateral financing 抵押贷款；抵押融资 collect call; transfer charge call; reverse charge call 由受话人付费的电话，对方付费的电话 collection of data 收集数据 collection of taxes 收税 collective self-reliance Term used to describe the economic independence of the developing countries from the industrial countries and economic cooperation among the developing countries. Embodied in the Arusha Programme for Collective Self-Reliance, 1979. 集体自力更生 这个名词用来描述发展中国家的经济独立于工 业国家以及发展中国家之间经济合作。此名词出 自1979年的“阿鲁沙集体自力更生计划”。 collegial management Management system based on the manager being supported by an advisory committee (consisting of senior staff) which helps him in his decision-making. 学院式管理制 由顾问委员会（由高级职员组成）协助经理，帮 助其进行决策的管理制度。 collusive oligopoly Oligopoly where participants act as a cartel. 勾结性垄断 参与并作为一个卡特尔行事的垄断行为。 collusive tendering 共谋的投标（或报价） coloan A cofinanced loan. 联合贷款 联合融资的贷款。 comanagement; codetermination; management participation system System which gives employees the right to be represented in the decisions of a corporation. 共同管理；共同决策；参与管理制 给予雇员参与公司决策权利的制度。 combined cycle [energy] Designation of a power plant that uses two technologies to generate electricity. Usually applied to gas-turbine and steam-turbine combinations. 组合循环 [能源] 一个发电厂同____时 86 ____________________________________________________________________________________ - D - dam 堤坝 见 diversion dam; earthfill dam; storage dam data collection 收集数据 dated information 注明日期的信息 day release; block release The system by which a trainee is authorized to be absent from work, usually for one or two complete days a week, with or without pay, in order to attend part-time courses of related instruction and general education constituting part of his training program. 全天脱产培训 一种培训制度，该制度下接受培训的人获批准脱 产，通常是每周一、两天，带薪或不带薪，目的 是能参加培训计划中有关授课和普通教育的课 程。 day-to-day money 日用资金 见 call money days receivable The average number of days overdue of accounts receivable. It is used as an indicator of the efficiency of the commercial operations of a corporation, as it reflects its ability with regard to collection of bills. The Bank target is around 60 days. 应收帐款平均拖延日期 指应收帐款平均过期天数，用来作为一个公司的 商务活动效率的指标，反映它在收帐方面的能 力。世界银行的目标是60天左右。 dead storage (capacity) 无效容量，不能利用的容积 deadweight (losses) Loss of consumer surplus incurred by buyers and not captured by producers, which is consequent upon an initially competitive industry becoming monopolistic and therefore, ceteris paribus, charging a higher price and selling a lower level of output. 无谓的损失 指买方失去而生产者未能抓住的消费者盈余。这 是最初相互竞争的行业形成垄断以后的后果，即 （在其它条件保持不便的情况下）提高售价，减 少产品销售量。 deadweight tonnage - DWT The weight in long tons that a vessel can carry when fully laden. 载重吨位（简写为DWT） 指一个交通工具完全装满后可载的英吨重量。 deadwood equities [IFC] Investments that either have a loss reserve, a write-off, paid less than half of the portfolio's average dividend rate the past two years, are presently valued at less than 1.2 times cost, or whose prospects for future price appreciation are estimated to be poor. 累赘股本 [国际金融公司] 指某种投资，具有赔款准备金和注销额，在过去 两年里投资组合收益率不到平均股利的50%，目 前价值低于成本的1.2倍，或是未来价格溢升前景 不好。 dealer 掮客，中间商 见 securities dealer dean (of the Board of Directors) （董事会）组长、资深董事 debenture (bond) 1. U.S.: Unsecured bond. 2. U.K.: Loan secured against specific or general assets of a company. 债券，信用债券 1. 美国：无担保债券。 2. 英国：以一个公司特定的或一般的资产作担 保的贷款。 亦见convertible debenture loan investment debt bunching 债务归集 debt burden ratio Interest on debt as a percentage of exports. 负债比率 债务利息占出口额的百分比。 debt cancellation 取消债务 debt carrying capacity 87 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 债务承担能力 debt consolidation* 债务统一 debt conversion 债务转化 debt creating 债务生成，产生债务的 debt distressed country 债务困扰国 debt due 到期债务 debt enhancements 债务组合的改善 debt equity conversion; debt equity swap 债务股本转化；债务股本互换 debt equity conversion fund [IFC] 债务股本转化基金 [国际金融公司] debt equity ratio; debt to equity ratio; debt to capital ratio Mainly used to describe the ratio of total liabilities to shareholders' equity (net worth). It can also be used to describe the ratio of long-term debt to equity, net long-term debt to equity, total or long- term debt to tangible equity (= equity plus revenue plus capital reserves). All these definitions are used in the World Bank and IFC, so care should be taken in translation to ensure the correct term is used. Other definitions are used outside the World Bank. 债务股本比率；债务资本比率 主要用于表示总负债与股东权益（净值）的比率。 也可用于表示长期债务对股本、净长期债务对股 本、总的或长期的债务对有形资产（股本加收入 加资本储备）的比率。所有这些定义都为世界银 行和国际金融公司所使用，因此在翻译时须小心 掌握，以确保用词的准确。其它定义在世界银行 之外使用。 debt equity swap; debt equity conversion 债务_____股本互换；债务股本转化 debt financing 举债筹资，举债融资 debt forgiveness 债务豁免 debt-for-health swaps Exchanges of developing country debt for assistance for health programs. 债务与卫生援助计划互换 用发展中国家的债务换取卫生援助方案。 debt funding 债务融资 debt outstanding and disbursed - DOD 已支付未偿还债务，债务余额（简写为DOD） debt overhang 1．The total outstanding debt. 2．The total debt that cannot be readily covered by expected growth. 未偿债务 1．未清偿的债务余额。 2．预期增长不足以抵偿的债务总额。 debt ratio Ratio of total liabilities to total assets. 债务比率 总负债对总资产的比率。 debt relief 债务减免 debt rephasing; rescheduling of debt; rephasing of a debt; debt rescheduling 债务重组；重定偿债期限；调整偿债期限； debt representation letter A letter from a member to the Bank outlining the country's external debt. 外债报告书 会员国致世界银行概述该国外债情况的信。 debt rescheduling; rescheduling of debt; debt rephasing; rephasing of a debt 重定偿债期限；债务重组 Debt Restructuring Facility - DRF 债务结构调整贷款（简写为DRF） debt retirement Paying off a debt. 还债 清偿一笔债务。 88 ____________________________________________________________________________________ debt sales 债务出售 debt service coverag Ratio of net income after taxes plus interest on long-term debt plus depreciation to debt service. 债务还本付息率 即税后净收入加长期债务利息加折旧，与债务还 本付息的比率。 debt-service ratio External public debt-service ratio (i.e. interest and principal payments) as a percentage of export earnings from goods, nonfactor services, and workers' remittances. 债务清偿率 指对外公共债务（还本付息额）偿还比率，即占 包括货物、非要素服务和输出劳务的汇款等出口 收入的百分比。 debt service requirements 债务清偿条件 debt service schedule 偿债时间表 debt servicing capacity 偿债能力 debt strategy 债务战略 debt to capital ratio 负债资本比率 见 debt equity ratio debt to equity ratio 负债股本比率 见 sebt equity ratio debt workout program [World Bank] 债务解决方案 [世界银行] Debtor Reporting System [World Bank] 债务人报告制度[世界银行] decapitalize 减低投资资本，非资本化 decision maker 决策人，决策者 decision making body 决策机构 decision-making power 决策权 declining balance method; reducing charge method In depreciation where the annual charge for depreciation is the amount obtained (a) by applying a fixed percentage to the diminishing balance of the asset account, that is the balance after deducting preceding depreciation provisions; or (b) by applying a diminishing rate to the original cost of the asset. 余额递减法；递减计提法 即在折旧时采取以下方法计算年折旧额：（1） 对资产帐户的递减余额（即扣减历年折旧额后的 余额）使用一个固定的百分比；或（2）对资产 的原始成本使用一个递减比率。 deductible [insurance] 可免除的；可扣减的 [保险] deduction 减除 见 tax deduction deed of trust 信托契约；委托书 deep discount bond, note Bond with relatively low-coupon rate of interest, offered with a discount in excess of what can normally be treated as capital gain by the investor. 按较大折扣发行的债券，大幅折价债券 这类债券通常利率较低，发行时的折扣率超过投 资者一般所认为的资本收益。 deep market A very active market. 完全的市场 交易非常活跃的市场。 deep sea fishing 深海捕鱼 deep water port 深水港 deepening 深化 89 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 见 capital deepening; capital deepening investment; financial deepening deepening of the industrial structure 工业结构深化 default [ICSID] 违约，拖欠 [解决投资争端国际中心] default on obligations 不履行义务 defensive expenditures National accounts concept for expenditure to protect the environment and to combat those undesirable aspects of economic activity that lead to environmental decay, resource degradation and depletion and pollution. 防御性支出 国民帐户中的一个概念，指保护环境和治理经济 活动中导致环境恶化、资源破坏和衰竭及污染等 不利因素的开支。 deferrable participating loan A loan used by IFC whereby the interest paid is linked to the profits of the company. 可递延参与贷款 国际金融公司发放的一种贷款，其利息与公司的 利润相挂钩。 deferred charges, expenses Expenditures carried forward as an asset until they become relevant (such as an advance rent payment of insurance premium). 待摊费用，递延费用，转结费用 作为资产向前递延（转结）直至相应开支发生（如 预付的保险金等）。 deferred depreciation 递延折旧，推迟折旧 deferred rate and currency setting 递延利率和货币设定 deferred rate setting - DRS Method of locking in a spread over a Treasury benchmark while distributing the rate fixing over several months. Treasury securities are purchased, with the pricing benchmark being the issue at the time the borrowing was launched and the securities are sold when the borrower wants to fix the Treasury yield component of the borrowing cost. The issue spread is locked in at time of issue and the Treasury yield component of the cost is stripped out. Any decrease in interest rates after the issue date would mean the Treasury notes could be sold at a profit which would reduce the borrowing cost of the issue to a level reflecting the original issue spread and the Treasury yield at the time the Treasury notes were sold. Conversely, any increase in interest rates would mean a loss on the sale of the Treasury securities and an increase in the borrowing cost to a level reflecting the higher Treasury yield. 递延利率确定法，延期利率确定法（ 简写为DRS） 指锁住国库券基价的利差，以此确定今后几个月 的利率的方法。具体做法是先购买国库券，确定 其在贷款发生时的基价，然后在借款人希望用国 库券收益部分来确定借款成本时，卖出国库券。 发行利差在发行时即已锁定，而国库券收益组成 部分中的成本则被分离出去。发行日之后利率的 任何下降都将意味着国库券可以卖出并获利，也 就是说可能可以把借款成本降低到原发行利差 和国库券销售时的收益水平上。相反，利率的任 何上升都意味着国库券销售的损失，以及贷款成 本提高到较高的国库券收益水平。 亦见anticipatory rate setting deferred recovery Recovery of currency used in lending operations subject to maintenance of value. Recovery is deferred for any currency outstanding on loan since June 30, 1987. 延期回收 在贷款业务中为保值而进行的货币回收。1987年 6月30日以来的未偿还贷款使用的任一种货币都 在延期回收之列。 deficiency 缺乏，不足 见 vitamin deficiency deficit country 逆差国 deficit financing 赤字融资 definitive application for guarantee An application for a MIGA guarantee, to be made once investment plans are established. It provides the detailed information with which MIGA will determine investor, investment and project eligibility; the details of the investment to be insured and the types of guarantees desired; the economic 90 ____________________________________________________________________________________ and developmental effects of the project on the host country and the basis for confirming the economic viability of the project enterprise. 确定的担保申请 指一旦投资计划确定以后，即向多边投资担保机 构提出的担保申请。该申请向多边投资担保机构 提供详细情况资料，使多边投资担保机构能据以 确定投资者、投资和项目的合格性，申请保险的 投资项目的详情和对担保类型的要求，该项目对 东道国的经济和发展的影响，以及项目企业的经 济可行性的根据。 见notice of registration， preliminary application for guarantee deflate, to 缩减通货，紧缩通货 deflation 通货紧缩，通货缩减 deflationary gap 通货紧缩缺口 deflator An implicit or explicit price index used to distinguish between those changes in the money value of gross national product which result from a change in prices and those which result from a change in physical output. 减缩指数，扣除通货膨胀指数 一项隐性或显性的价格指数，用于区别物价变动 所造成的国民生产总值的货币价值变化，以及由 于物质产出变化所造成的变化。 亦见commitment deflator; GNP price deflator; implicit deflator; implicit gross domestic product deflator deforestation 砍伐森林 degree of concessionality 优惠程度 degressive scale 递减率 dehusking; husking 去皮，_____去壳；碾米 delegation of authority 权力下放 delink, to [foreign exchange] 取消挂钩；脱钩 [外汇] delinking [foreign exchange] 取消挂钩；脱钩 [外汇] delinquent taxes 滞纳税款 delivered at frontier - DAF Applies to goods that the seller must deliver to the frontier of the country named in the sales contract. 边境交货价（简写为DAF） 用于卖方必须按销售合同在指定的国家边境交 付的货物。 delivered duty paid - DDP Applies to goods that the seller must deliver to the buyers' premises. 完税后交货价（简写为DDP） 这种交货价用于售货方必须在购货方的地址交 货。 delivered energy 输出的能源 delivery (of a contract) （按合同）交货 delivery of bids 投标，投递标书 见 bid submission delivery system; supply system 交货系统；供应系统 demand deposit Deposits payable within thirty days. 活期存款 指在30天以内可以提取的存款。 demand management Influence over the wants of buyers, usually consumers, e.g. advertising. 需求调节；需求管理 对买方（通常指消费者）的需求施加影响，例如 做广告。 demand money 短期款 见 call money 91 ____________________________________________________________________________________ demand note 即期票据 demand pull factors Factors that attract migrants into another country. 需求拉动因素，吸引因素 指吸引移民到另一个国家去的因素。 demand pull inflation A rise in prices brought about by consumers and investors with rising incomes as they compete for a relatively limited supply of valuable goods. 需求拉动型通货膨胀 由于消费者和投资者收入的增加，使他们竞相购 买供应量相对有限的贵重物品，从而带动价格上 涨。 demand shift 需求变动 dematerialization of manufactures The phenomenon whereby the service content of manufactured goods is increasing. 制成品物质成分减少 指在制造品中劳务的内容不断增加的现象。 demerit goods A merit good in which the merit is negative, e.g. alcohol consumption. 无益货物 一种具有反面意义的有益货物，例如酒精类消费 品。 demographic transition; transition* 人口结构转型 demonstration activity 示范活动 demonstration effect 示范效应 demonstration plot 示范田 demonstration school; laboratory school; model school; practice school A school attached to a teacher-training establishment in order to allow students to observe experienced teachers at work and to undertake teaching practice themselves. 示范学校；实验学校； 模范学校；实习学校 师范院校附属学校，其目的是让学生观察有经验 的教师的工作，并进行教学实习。 demurrage The money payable to the owner for the delay for which the owner is not responsible in loading and/or discharging after the laytime has expired. 滞期费 由非业主责任所造成的装卸货时间超过规定的 期限而应付给业主的钱。 dendrothermal power plant 以木材为燃料的发电厂 denominated in (dollars, etc.) （用美元等）标价、计价 departmental forces 部门劳力 见 force account departmentalization [education] 分科制 [教育] dependency allowance 抚养津贴，家属津贴 dependency ratio Proportion of children and old people in a population in comparison with everyone else. 抚养率 指在总人口中，儿童和老人与其他人口的比率。 dependent 家属 depletion allowance, reserve An allowance for exhaustion of a natural resource. 耗竭限度，藏量 指一项自然资源可耗竭的限度。 deposit 储量，存款 见 geothermal deposit deposit liabilities 存款负债额 depositor rate of interest; borrowing rate [banks] The rate of interest paid by banks on deposits. 存款利率；借款利率 [银行] 银行对存款支付的利率 92 ____________________________________________________________________________________ depository bank A bank that is designated and authorized to accept deposits of funds belonging to the federal government or other government bodies, or funds from other banks which the latter are required by law to maintain as reserve against deposits. 受托银行，存款银行 被指定和授权的银行，该银行接受联邦政府或其 它政府机构的储蓄资金，或法律要求其它银行作 为储蓄准备金的资金。 depreciation 折旧 见 accelerated depreciation; accumulated depreciation; allowance for depreciation; defeered depreciation; straight-line depreciation depreciation allowance 折旧被抵 见 reserve for depreciation depreciation on a straight line; straight line depreciation 直线折旧法 depressed industry 萧条工业 Deputy [Dev. Comm.; IDA] 代表[国际开发协会；发展委员会] Deputy Secretary General [ICSID] 副秘书长 [解决投资争端国际中心] deregulate 取消管制 derivative instruments A contract whose value changes as prices move in a related or underlying commodity or financial instrument. The term covers standard futures and options, as well as over-the-counter swaps, options and similar instruments. 衍生金融工具 一种合同，其价值随着有关或特定商品或金融工 具的价格变动而变化。这一名词包括标准期货和 期权，以及场外掉期、选择权和其它类似的金融 工具。 design 设计，图案，图样 design capacity 设计能力 design engineering 设计工程 design speed The highest continuous safe vehicular speed as governed by the design features of a highway. 设计速度 由一条公路设计特点所决定的最高连续安全行 车车速。 design standards 设计标准 designated forest Forest legally set aside for preservation or production. 指定森林 法定作为保留或生产的森林。 Designating Authority (of Panel Members) [ICSID] （小组委员会委员的）指定权利 [解决投资争端 国际中心] designer 设计师；设计人 desk officer 国别业务负责人 desk study 案头研究 desktop publishing 案头出版 despatch money; dispatch money The money payable by the owner if the ship completes loading or discharging before the laytime has expired. 速谴费 船舶预定装卸货时间内完成装卸时，货主应付的 奖金。 destination taxes 目的地税 detailed design, engineering 详细设计 93 ____________________________________________________________________________________ deterrent 阻挠力量；阻挠因素；威慑力量 developing island country 发展中岛国 development 发展，开发 亦见 area development; engineering development; Evaluation Capability Development Program; land development; letter of development policy; management development; manpower development; site development; skills development; staff development; whole farm development; World Development Indicators development area 开发区 development bank 开发银行 development bond 开发债券 Development Committee* 发展委员会 development credit agreement [IDA] 开发信贷协议 [国际开发协会] development drilling Drilling in a known producing field as opposed to exploratory drilling. 开发性钻探 在已知的生产性油田进行的钻探。区别于勘测性 的钻探。 development finance company - DFC 开发金融公司（简写为DFC） development finance institution - DFI 发展金融机构（简写为DFI） development period (of a project, of a company) （一个项目，一个公司的）开发期 development planner 开发计划人员；发展规划的制定者 development planning 开发计划，发展规划 deworm 祛除寄生虫 diagnostically related groups - DRG Groups of related ailments for which identical fee schedules can be prepared. 征侯类同群体（简写为DRG） 疾病类型相关、可以编制相同的医疗费用表的群 体。 diesel fuel; diesel oil 柴油 diesel (fired) power plant 柴油发电厂 dietary energy supply - DES Kilocalories per capita per day of food consumption. A standard measure of food intake. 食物能量供应（简写为DES） 每人每日食物消费的卡路里，是衡量食物摄入的 标准尺度。 dilution 搀水 见 stock dilution diminishing returns 收益递减 见law of diminishing returns dip [stockbreeding] 药浴 [畜牧业] dipping tank 药浴池 direct contracting [procurement] Award of a contract without using competition. 直接签订合同 [采购] 不经招标而直接签订合同 。 direct costing The process of assigning costs as they are incurred to products and services. 直接成本计算 根据在生产和服务中发生的成本费用确定成本 的过程。 94 ____________________________________________________________________________________ direct labour 直接用工 见 force account directed credit 定向信贷 directed economy 指令性经济 见 command economy direction of lending 贷款方向 directly unproductive profit seeking (DUP) activities 直接谋求非生产性利润的活动（简写为DUP） direct overhead budget In the World Bank, a budget for those overhead expenses controlled by the manager. Include office equipment, direct communications, equipment depreciation, field office costs, supplies and materials. 直接管理的间接费用预算 指在世界银行内直接由经理控制的那部分间接 费用的预算，包括办公设备、直接通讯、设备折 旧、驻外办事处费用____、办公用品等。 direct shopping [procurement] Procurement based on direct comparison of price quotations. No bidding documents are used. 直接询价采购 [采购] 在对报价直接比较的基础上进行的采购。不采用 招标文件。 direct workd 直接用工工程 见 force account dirty bill of lading 不洁提单 见 claused bill of lading disadvantaged group 贫困阶层，境遇差的阶层，处于不利地位的群体 disbursement deflator Coefficient used to convert disbursement amounts into constant dollars. 支付缩减系数 用来把支付额换算成不变美元的系数。 disbursement letter 支付信 disbursement officer 支付官员 disclaimer 放弃权利声明，不表示意见 disclosure of information 信息披露 discontinuance [ICSID] 中断诉讼 [解决投资争端国际中心] discount 折扣；贴现；贴息；贴水 discount, to [finance] 贴现 [金融] discount bond Bond selling at a price less than its par value. 还本时付息债券，按票面值付息债券 以低于票面价值的价格发行的债券。 discount factor How much 1 at a future date is worth today. 折现因数，贴现折扣 即未来的“1”在今天的价值是多少。 discount note Note (i.e. short- or medium-term bond) issued at a discount from its face value. On maturity, the investor receives the full face value. The discount from par, thus, corresponds to the return on the investment. 贴现票据 指按面值折扣发行的票据（即短期或中期的债 券）。票据到期时投资者可取得全额面值。因此， 面值的贴现值相当于投资收益。 discount rate [central bank] Rate at which a central bank (Federal Reserve System in the U.S.) (re)discounts certain bills for financial institutions. 贴现率 [中央银行] 中央银行（在美国为联邦储备银行）对金融机构 某些票据进行（再）贴现的贴现率。 discount rate [project appraisal; securities] 95 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Annualized rate of discount applied to debt securities issued below par (e.g. U.S. Treasury bills). 贴现率 [项目评估] 指低于面值发行的债券（如美国国库券）所用的 年折扣率。 亦见shadow discount rate; social rate of discount discount window [central bank] 贴现窗口 [中央银行] discounted cash flow (DCF) method A type of analysis based on discounting cash flows to the present by a given discount rate. It allows an analyst to take into account the fact that a dollar of benefit received a year from today is not as valuable as a dollar of cost incurred today, for example, because if the cost had not been incurred, the dollar could have been invested, and in a year's time at an interest rate of, say, 10%, the capital would have grown to $1.10. Because projects vary widely in the pattern of their costs and benefits over time, DCF is necessary to place them on a common present value basis for comparison. 现金流量贴现法（简写为DCF） 一种根据给定的贴现率将现金流量折成现值的 分析方法。它使分析人员能够认识到一年以后收 到的一美元的效益没有今天花费的一美元成本 那么值钱。因为假如该成本没有被花费掉，该美 元可以进行投资，按10%的利率计算，一年后这 笔资本将变成1.10美元。由于项目在一段时间内 成本或效益的结构变动很大，需要用DCF方法， 把它们放在统一的现值基础上进行比较。 discretionary expense budget In the World Bank, a budget for those expenses directly controlled by the manager. Include salaries, temporary staff costs, overtime, operational travel, representation, hospitality, consultants, contractual services, internal computing and language services. 可支配费用的预算 指在世界银行里由经理直接控制的那些费用的 预算，包括工资、临时职员费用、加班费、业务 差旅费、宴请费、招待费、咨询专家费、服务合 同、内部计算和语言翻译服务等费用。 discretionary income Income available after payment of necessaries such as housing, taxation, etc. 可支配收入 指付清住房、税款等必要支出之后余下的那部分 收入。 discretionary liquidity The amount of liquidity held by the Bank above the minimum prescribed. 可支配流动资金 指世界银行持有的、超过最低限额的那部分流动 资金。 discretionary spending 机动开支，可支配开支 discussion paper 供讨论使用的文件，讨论文件 disease 疾病 见 pest and disease control; vectorborne disease; water-based disease; waterborne disease; water-washed disease diseconomies Occurs when, as a firm grows larger, management becomes less efficient, raw material costs rise because local supplies are exhausted or for similar reasons. 不经济，成本费用增加 指随着企业发展而产生的管理效率的降低，以及 由于当地供应耗竭或其他类似原因而带来的原 材料成本上升。 disestablish, to 停止活动，清理 disguised unemployment; concealed, covert, hidden unemployment 隐性失业；变相失业；潜在失业 dishoarding Returning an item to either the real flow or the money flow so that it can be circulated, consumed or otherwise used in its intended function. 减少持有量；（货币）出笼 把一个物品回放于实物流通或货币流通之中，使 其能够流通、被消费或发挥其应有的作用。 disincentive 消极刺激，反激励 disinflation 通货收缩，反通货膨胀 disinflationary 通货收缩的 96 ____________________________________________________________________________________ disintermediation 1. Shift of funds away from financial intermediaries (commercial banks, etc.) into Treasury bills and other securities. 2. Shift by large corporations away from banks to a parallel market, involving other large corporations. 金融中介作用减弱 1、把资金从金融中介机构（商业银行等）转移 到国库券和其他证券方面去； 2、一些大公司把资金从银行转移到和其他一些 大公司有关的平行市场上去。 disinvestment 资本投资减损，投资减少，反投资 dislocated worker 离岗工人，下岗工人 dispatch money 速遣费 见 despatch money disposable income 可支配收入 disposal 处理 见 waste disposal dispose (of) for value, to 保值处理 disqualification [ICSID] 不合格；取消资格 [解决投资争端国际中心] dissaver 提取储蓄存款者，超支者 dissaving 提取储蓄存款，动用原有储蓄，超支 distance learning, teaching Teaching by remote media such as radio or television. 远程学习、教学 通过广播或电视等远距离媒体教学。 distress borrowing Borrowing in a situation of extreme need when there is no other alternative. 急用借款 指由于极端需要，在别无选择的情况下进行的借 款。 distressed loan Loan on which repayment of interest and principal has been severely delayed or completely suspended. 还本付息有困难的贷款 指还本付息严重拖延或完全停止的贷款。 distress price 急售价格，廉价 distress sale, selling 廉价抛售，出售查封的货物 distributional weight 分配权数 disutility 反效用，负效用 ditch rider; waterman Person responsible for supervising an irrigation area. 灌区管理员 负责监管灌区的人员。 diversion dam A barrier across a stream built to turn all or some of the water into a diversion. 分洪坝 河流上建造的一个拦截物，使全部或部分河水改 变流向。 divestiture; divestment Disposition of an asset or investment by outright sale, employee purchase, liquidation, etc. 售让资产；处置资产 通过直接出售、员工认购、清算等方式处置一项 资产或投资。 divestment 售让 见 divestiture dividend 股利，红利 见 stock dividend dockage; wharfage; wharfage charges 码头费；船坞费 97 ____________________________________________________________________________________ documentary credit An arrangement where a bank, on behalf of a customer, makes payment to a third party or authorizes such a payment to be made. 跟单信用证，押汇信用证 一种由银行代表一个客户向第三者付款或授权 付款的安排。 documentary evidence 证明文件，书面证明；单据 dollar budgeting Budget planning based on actual cash outlays for the budget, rather than for a fixed amount of items, with allowances for cost increases 美元预算 按预算的实际现金支出而不是按固定的实物类 目所作的预算，其中留出成本增加的余地。 dollar gap When the inflow of dollars into the US is high, causing a shortage of dollars on the international market. 美元差额；美元缺口 由于大量的美元流回美国所造成的国际市场美 元的短缺。 dollarization 美元化 domestic asset formation; domestic capital formation Gross fixed capital formation plus increase in stocks. 国内资产形成；国内资本形成 指固定资本形成总值加库存的增加量。 domestic content 国产成分 domestic currency 本币 domestic economy 本国经济 domestic finance studies 国内金融研究 domestic preference; preference margin; preferential margin; margin of preference [procurement] Preference given to certain goods and services of domestic origin in a bidding procedure. 国内优先；优先幅度 [采购] 在招标程中对国内生产的某些货物和劳务给予 优先考虑。 domestic resource cost - DRC Cost of resources used in products that are not imported. 国内资源成本（简写为DRC） 在产品中使用的非进口资源的成本。 domestic resource cost ratio domestic resource cost coefficient - DRCC 国内资源成本比率，国内资源成本系数（简写为 DRCC） domestic savings 国内储蓄 domestic value added The value added to a product by local or domestic activities. 国内附加值 指本地或国内的活动为产品带来的增加的价值。 donor country 捐助国，捐款国 dose response relationships The direct relationship between a specific amount of environmental pollution and its environmental impact. This is the easiest way to cost the effects of pollution but is not always feasible. 投配-反应关系 指一定剂量的环境污染物与其对环境影响的直 接关系。这是测算污染效应的最简易的方法，但 并非总是可行的。 double cropping; sequential cropping Planting one crop after harvesting another. 两熟耕作法；连续耕作法 在收获一种作物之后再种植另一种作物的耕作 方法。 double-day phenomenon Phenomenon of women being wage-earners and responsible for children and household tasks. 双日现象，妇女的双重负担 指妇女既要上班挣钱又要负责照看子女和从事 家务劳动的现象。 98 ____________________________________________________________________________________ double digit inflation; two digit inflation 两位数通货膨胀 double entry accounting An accounting system in which every transaction results in corresponding debit and credit entries in the system. All credits equal all debits at all times. 复式会计，复式簿记 一种会计制度，其中每笔交易都分别记入相应的 借方和贷方，无论在任何时候，贷方总额总是与 借方总额相等。 double factorial terms of trade Terms of trade where changes in productivity in both trading partner countries are taken into account in order to estimate the division of the real gains from trade. They therefore vary proportionately with the net barter terms of trade and with productivity in the export sector but inversely with productivity embodied in imports. 双要素贸易条件，双因素贸易条件 这种贸易条件根据贸易伙伴国家双方生产率的 变化来估计各方从贸易中分享的实际收益。因 此，它们的变化同净易货贸易条件和出口部门的 生产率成正比，而同进口所包含的生产率成反 比。 double shift teaching system System where, normally because of overcrowding, one group of pupils is taught in the morning, the other in the afternoon. 二部制教学体制 采取这种教学制度常常是因为校舍过于拥挤，一 组学生在上午上课，另一组学生在下午上课。 double taxation A term widely used to describe double taxation of corporate earnings, once through corporate income tax and again through taxation of corporate dividends paid out of after-tax earnings. Also used to describe taxation paid on income first in one country and then another. 双重征税 这一名词被广泛用来描述对公司收益的双重征 税：一次是通过对公司所得征税；再一次是通过 对公司税后收益中支付的公司红利征税。本名词 也用于描述第一次在一个国家交纳所得税，然后 在另一国家再付一次所得税。 double weighted borrowing cost [IBRD] When calculating borrowings, the IBRD takes the amount of the loan, multiplies it by the interest rate, and obtains a total for the interest. All the loans and all the interest totals are added. The first sum is then divided by the second to obtain the weighted average interest. This is the single-weighted borrowing cost. Recently, the IBRD has obtained the interest total by multiplying the amount of the loan by the interest and the number of years to maturity, to take into account the fact that it has loans of varying maturities. The weighted averaged interest obtained from this calculation is called the double-weighted borrowing cost. 双重加权借款费用 [国际复兴开发银行] 国际复兴开发银行在计算借款费用时，用贷款额 乘以利率得出利息总额，再把总贷款额加上总利 息额，然后用第一笔总额除以第二笔总额，得出 加权平均利息，即单一加权借款成本。最近国际 复兴开发银行改为用贷款金额乘以利率和到期 年限（考虑到贷款有不同的到期日）的方法来求 得利息总额。以这种方法求得的利息总额即为双 重加权借款成本。 doubtful debt 可疑债务 down payment (on the budget deficit) （为预算赤字所做）首期付款 down time 停工期；停机时间 downgrade, to (a loan) （对某一贷款）降级 downloading 下载 downsize, to 缩小，裁减 downstream effect, benefit 下游效应，下游收益 downstream innovations 下游革新 downstream plant, facilities 后处理厂、设施 downswing 下降 downturn (economic) 99 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 下降（经济） downward trend 下降趋向；下降趋势 drainage system 排水系统 见 storm water drainage system draw, to (funds) 提取（资金） drawback [customs] An amount of money which is collected as a customs duty on imported goods and then refunded when the goods are reshipped as exports. 退税（海关） 在货物进口时作为关税征收的费款，在货物作为 出口再次运出时退还。 drawdown 提款；提取信贷 drawdown of equity 提用股本 dressing 铺设，修饰 见 basal dressing; surface dressing; top dressing; window dressing dressing section, hall [slaughtering] Area where excess fat and bone is removed from a meat carcass. 分割车间 [屠宰] 从屠宰后的畜体上剔除肥肉和骨头的车间。 dribble irrigation 滴灌 见 drip irrigation drift fishing 漂移捕渔 drill core 钻探岩心 drilling 钻探 drilling rig, platform 钻井井架，钻井平台 见 oil (drilling) rig drip irrigation; dribble irrigation; trickle irrigation The application of water to the soil through small orifices in plastic pipelines. 滴灌 通过塑料管道的小孔对土壤进行浇灌。 droppage [IFC] When a borrower from IFC decides to cancel a loan before signature. 取消借款（国际金融公司） 国际金融公司的借款者在协议签字前决定取消 借款。 drop out [education] 退学 [教育 ] dropout rate [education] 退学率 [教育] drought stress Stress on a plant due to lack of water. 干旱损害 指作物由于缺水而受到的损害。 drug 药品 见 brand name drug; generic drug dry farming; dryland farming A system of producing crops in arid and semiarid regions without the use of irrigation. Frequently alternate years of fallow and cropping are practiced. 旱地耕作法 指一种在干旱或半干旱土地上不使用灌溉方法 生产作物的耕作制度。常常采用一年休耕、一年 种植的方法。 dryland(s) farming 旱地耕作法 见 dry farming dryland(s) management The management of arid and semi-arid areas. 旱地管理 指对干旱和半干旱地区的管理。 dry process [cement manufacture] Method of manufacturing cement whereby no water is used in the process. 干法 [水泥制造 ] 100 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 指水泥制造过程中不使用水的生产方法。 参见wet process。 dual executive director Executive director of both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 兼任执行董事 同时担任世界银行和国际货币基金组织的执行 董事。 dual purpose cattle Cattle used both for beef and milk. 肉奶两用牛 指既用于产肉又用于产奶的牛。 dummy variable A constructed variable used as a means of including factors that are not naturally quantifiable in an econometric model. It may assume two and only two values (usually 1 and 0) used to represent the presence of a factor and its opposite or absence. 虚变量 一个虚构的变量，用来包括在经济模型中不能自 然量化的因素。它可以假定两个（而且也仅限于 两个）值（通常是1和0），用来代表某因素及其 对立因素的存在或不存在。 dumping 倾销 dung cake 压实的牛粪肥 durable goods; durables Any consumer good which has a significant life and which is not therefore immediately consumed. 耐用品，耐用消费品 任何具有相当长的使用寿命，因而不是立即消费 掉的消费品。 dust collector 尘埃收集器 见 precipitator dust separator 尘埃分离器 见 precipitator dutiable 应征关税的 duty free 免关税的 duty station 工作地点 dwelling core The basic shell of a building often constructed to allow family or self-help groups to have basic housing and add additional features themselves. 最基本住房 指只有基本外壳的建筑, ，常常是为低收入家庭或 自助组织建造的基本住房，附加的设施由他们自 己安装。 dynamic life index [commodities] Index in years of a commodity, assuming a specified growth in rate of production. 多年动态指数 [商品] 指在假定一种商品的特定生产增长率条件下得 出的多年指数。 101 ____________________________________________________________________________________ - E - early intensive adjustment lending (EIAL) country Country that received two structural adjustment loans or three adjustment operations, with the first taking place before 1986. 早期密集型调整借款（简写为EIAL）国家 指那些自1986年以前至今，接受过两笔结构调整 贷款或三个调整项目的国家。 early (maturing) [crops] 早熟 [作物] early retirement scheme 提前退休计划 early warning system 预警系统 earmark, to (funds) 指定用途，专款 earmarked account 专款帐户 earmarked tax 专用税款 earned income 已实现收入，经营收入 earned surplus 已实现盈余，经营盈余 earning assets Loans and investments. 有收益资产，盈利资产 即贷款和投资。 earning power 收益能力，盈利能力 earnings 收益，盈利 earthfill dam Dam constructed of excavated earth material. 土坝 用挖掘出来的土料修筑的坝。 earth resources satellite One of a series of satellites designed primarily to measure the natural resources of the earth. 地球资源卫星 主要为勘测地球上的自然资源而设计的系列卫 星之一。 earth road Unsurfaced road made entirely out of earth. 土路 完全用土建成、未铺路面的道路。 ease, monetary Policy of reducing restrictions on the availability of money, e.g. by easing credit restrictions. 银根松动，放松银根 放松限制货币供应的政策，如放松信贷限制。 easy money A condition in which a combination of relatively low interest rates and great credit availability exists. 银根松动，低息借款 指利率较低并且信贷充足的情况。 economic and sector work - ESW 经济与部门调研（简写为ESW） economic hardship A reason for delaying Bank or IFC repayments. 经济困难 是推迟对世界银行或国际金融公司还款的一个 理由。 economic indicator 经济指标 economic internal rate of return 经济内部收益率 见 economic rate of return economic life 经济寿命 economic man 经济人 economic management 经济管理 economic performance 经济运行情况 economic policy note [EDI] 102 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 经济政策文件 [经济发展学院] economic price; efficiency price Price reflecting relative value to be assigned to inputs and outputs if the economy is to produce the maximum value of physical output efficiency. 经济价格；效率益价格 当经济产生物质产生效率的最大值时，价格反映 的投入和产生的相对价值。 economic rate of return - ERR; economic internal rate of return - EIRR An internal rate of return based on economic prices. 经济收益率，经济回报率（简写为ERR）；经济 内部收益率，经济内部回报率（简写为EIRR） 根据经济价格确定的内部回报率。 economic recovery loan - ERL [World Bank] 经济复苏贷款（简写为ERL）[世界银行] economic rent The return for the use of a factor of production in excess of the minimum required to provide the service of the factor. The surplus remaining to a project beneficiary after he receives the rewards necessary to attract physical inputs, labor, entrepreneurship and the willingness to bear risk. 经济租金，经济纯利，经济报酬 指一项生产要素所得报酬超过该要素维持现有 用途所需的最低报酬的那部分收益。在项目受益 人收到吸引物质投入、劳力、企业管理和承担风 险的意愿所必需的报酬以后，盈余部分仍归他所 有。 economic soundness [MIGA] One of the criteria used in assessing a project before a guarantee is provided. 经济健全性 [多边投资担保机构] 在提供担保之前评估项目时所采用的标准之一。 economics of regress The economics of negative growth. The opposite of economics of progress. 倒退经济学 负增长经济学。是增长经济学的反意词。 economies of scale 规模经济 economies of scope Cost advantage of producing different products in a single firm. 范围经济 指在一个企业里同时生产不同产品而达到成本 优势。 edge bias In crop evaluations, inclusion of a plant on the edge of the square delineating the area to be measured, rather than excluding it, leading to an upward bias. 边缘偏差，边角偏倚 在评估作物时，把要测算的正方形区域边缘上的 一株MN_þ£植物包括在内而不是排除在外，导致估计过 高的偏差。 effective demand* 实际需求，有效需求 edit (texts for publication) 编辑，校订（供出版使用的文字） edited by 编者，校订者，由……校订 editor 编辑，编者 educational achievements 教育成就 educational background 学历 educational material 教学材料，教材 effective 见cost effective effective cut-off 见operational cut-off effective date 生效日期 effective exchange rate The domestic market price of a good divided by its border price. In effect, the exchange rate actually paid for a given good. Serves as an estimate of the shadow exchange rate for that good. 有效汇率，实际汇率 即某一货物的国内市场价格除以其边境价格。实 际上是对某一货物实际支付的汇率。用来估计该 货物的影子汇率。 103 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 亦见real effective exchange rate effective interest rate The true rate of interest paid on an installment loan. 有效利率，实际利率 对一笔分期偿付的贷款所支付的实际利率。 effective protection coefficient - EPC A measure of protection through import duties, etc. as related to domestic value added as opposed to total value of output. Commonly measured as the excess value added. It measures the protection given to the production process per se, not just to the product. Often useful as a partial, quick indicator of economic acceptability. 有效保护系数（简写为EPC） 用于衡量通过进口税等办法提供的保护。它与国 内增加值而不是总产值相关，通常被作为额外增 加值。它不仅仅用来衡量对产品的保护，而且用 来衡量对生产过程本身的保护。常常可作为一种 对经济可接受程度的有限的、快捷的指标。 effective subsidy* 实际补贴率，有效补贴率 effectiveness 生效，有效性，效益 见 conditions of effectiveness; cost effectiveness effectiveness of an agreement 协议的有效性 effects method [project appraisal] A method of project evaluation originated by Charles Prou and Marc Chervel, widely used in French-speaking African countries, which involves valuing the product and its tradeable inputs at shadow prices. A comparison is made between the situation with the project and without the project. 效果法 [项目评估] 指由Charles Prou 和 Marc Chervel 创立的一种项 目评价方法，广泛用于非洲法语国家。这种方法 用影子价格对产品和可交易投入物进行估值，对 “有”此项目和“无”此项目两种情况做比较分 析。 efficiency cost of taxation; excess burden of taxation The difference between the resources that the government gains and the sacrifice that is made by taxpayers. 征税的效率成本；超额税负 指政府获取资源与纳税人所作牺牲之间的差。 efficiency price 效率价格 见 econoimc price efficiency price; efficient price; long-run marginal cost - LRMC [electricity] The cost of meeting an increase in consumption, sustained indefinitely into the future, when needed capacity adjustments are possible. 效率价格；长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）[电力] 这是为满足消费需求在无限的将来增加时，有能 力进行必要的供电量调整的成本费用。 efficiency unit 效率单位 efficiency wage Wages measured in cost per unit output rather than in actual wages received or paid. 效率工资 以单位产出成本而不是以实际收入或付出衡量 的工资。 efficient price; efficiency price; long-run marginal cost - LRMC [electricity] 效率价格；长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）[电力] effluent charges Payment for direct releases into the environment. 排污税，排污费 对直接向环境中排放污染物所征收的费用。 effluent sewerage; solids-free sewerage; small-bore sewerage A hybrid between a septic tank and a conventional sewerage system. Its distinctive feature is a solid interceptor tank located between the house sewer and the street sewer. The interceptor tank retains the solids, thereby allowing smaller sewers to be laid at flatter gradients and with fewer manholes. 出流排污；固体物过滤排污；小口径管排污 介于化粪池和通常的排污系统之间的一种排污 设施。其特点是在住宅排污和街道排污系统之间 装置一个截污池，把固体污物拦截下来，这样可 以将较小的管道_____沿较平坦的坡度铺设，并减少检 修口。 18% currency [IBRD maintenance of value] The capital paid in to the Bank by a member country in its own currency. Members have to pay in 20% of their initial shares, of which 2% is in gold and 18% 104 ____________________________________________________________________________________ in the national currency. This is the 18% currency. Though subsequent capital increases have required a lower national currency payment, this amount is still called 18% currency. 18%的（本国）货币（股本） [国际复兴开发银 行保值] 指会员国以本国货币向世界银行认缴的股份。会 员国在缴付认购股份时，只需先缴纳20%最新认 购股份，其中2%以黄金缴纳，18%用本国货币缴 纳，这就是所谓18%货币。虽然以后增资时要求 缴纳的本国货币比例降低了，但这一部分仍称为 18%货币。 18% currency out on loan [IBRD maintenance of value] 18%贷款货币[国际复兴开发银行保值] Egyptian cotton; kidney cotton; Sea Island cotton; West Indian cotton 埃及棉；椭圆型棉；海岛棉；西印度棉 elasticity of demand The percentage change induced in one factor of demand divided by a given percentage change in the factor that caused the change. For example, if the price of a commodity is raised, purchasers tend to reduce their buying rate. 需求弹性 由某一需求因素诱导变化的百分比，除以引起这 一变化的因素的一定百分比的变化。例如，如果 一种商品的价格上升，购买者趋向于降低他们的 购买率。 elasticity of substitution A measure of the ease with which one input can be substituted for another when responding to a change in the ratio of the prices of the substitution. For instance, given a production function, suppose that the ratio of the return to capital to wages declined 1%, making labor relatively more expensive than capital. If the ratio of the amount of capital input to labor input used increases more than 1%, the elasticity of substitution is elastic, which implies that it is relatively easy to substitute capital for labor. 替代弹性 用一种替代物来替代一种投入物时，衡量当替代 物的价格比率发生变化时，替代的难易程度。例 如，在已知一个生产函数的条件下，假设资本收 益对工资的比率下降1%，那么劳动力相对于资 本费用上升。如资本投入量相对于劳动投入量增 加了1%以上，那么这种替代弹性是有弹性的， 这就意味着以资本来替代劳动相对比较容易。 亦见constant elasticity of substitution elastic money The situation occurring in a monetary system in which the volume of currency in circulation can be varied to meet different needs. 弹性货币 出现于货币体制中的一种现象，流通中的货币数 量可以随需要而变化。 electronic funds transfer - EFT 电子资金转帐（简写为EFT） eligibility; eligibility conditions 合格；合格条件 elegibility ceiling 最高合格限度 见 formal elegibility threshold eligibility to bid 投标资格 elegibility threshold 合格限度 见 formal elegibility threshold eligible [procurement] 合格的，有资格的 [采购] eligible currency 合格货币 eligible expenses 合格的费用 eligible host country [MIGA] A member who is listed as a developing member country in Schedule A to the Convention. 合格的东道国 [多边投资担保机构] 指在《多边投资担保机构公约》的附表A中列为 发展中会员国的会员国。 eligible investment [MIGA] Investment accepted for coverage under the Convention. Includes equity interests, including medium- or long-term loans made or guaranteed by holders of equity in the enterprise concerned, and such forms of direct investment as may be determined by the Board. 合格的投资 [多边投资担保机构] 指《多边投资担保机构公约》规定的可投保的投 105 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 资。如股本权益，其中包括有关企业的股东发放 或担保的中长期贷款，以及由董事会确定的其他 形式的直接投资。 eligible paper Paper than can be freely traded on the market. 合格票据 可在市场上自由交易的票据。 eligible risk 可接受的风险，合格的风险 eligible source country 合格的来源国 embodiment hypothesis Economic theory which states that investments in new capital equipment embody technical change. 体现假设论 一种经济理论_____，认为新的资本设备投资体现技术 的变革。 emergency reconstruction loan - ERL 紧急复兴贷款，紧急重建贷款（简写为ERL） emergency recovery loan - ERL 紧急恢复贷款（简写为ERL） emerging markets [securities] 新兴市场 [证券] Emerging Markets Growth Fund* -EMGF [IFC] 新兴市场发展基金（简写为EMGF）[国际金融公 司] eminent domain The power to take private property for public use by the state, municipalities and private persons or corporations authorized to exercise functions of a public nature. 征用权 指取得私有财产用作公共用途的权利。该权利由 国家、市政当局，以及被授权行使公共职能的私 人或公司行使。 emissions trading Pollution dischargers who release less pollution than the officially approved limit may sell or trade the difference between its discharges and the authorized limits to another firm which can then increase its amount of discharge. 排放量交易 [环境] 污染排放者在污染排放量低于官方批准的限量 时，可以将其排放量同批准排放量之间的差额向 另一厂商出售或进行交易，使后者可以增加其排 放量。 empower 授权 empowerment Giving political power to disadvantaged groups, e.g. women, children. 给予权利，赋予权利 给处于不利地位的群体（如妇女、儿童）以政治 权利。 enabling environment 有利的环境 enabling legislation 实施性法案 encashment [IDA] The conversion of notes and other securities paid in by member countries to IDA into cash. 兑现 [国际开发协会] 将国际开发协会会员国所付票据和其他证券兑 换成现金。 enclave project Project designed and supervised by foreign consultants, executed by foreign contractors and suppliers and managed with the help of expatriates. 飞地项目 指由外国咨询专家设计和监督、由外国承包商和 供应商执行、并在外籍人员帮助下进行管理的项 目。 end-of-mission document 出差总结报告 end of pipe pollution control Control of pollution where it is discharged rather than in the production cycle. 排放口污染控制 在排放处而不是在生产过程中对污染加以控制。 end use (of a commodity) （商品的）最终用途 end use (energy) efficiency （能源的）最终使用效率 106 ____________________________________________________________________________________ end use tax 最终使用税 energy 能源 亦见 alternative energy; biomass energy; commercial energy; constant energy intensity; conventional energy; net energy ratio energy balance* 能源平衡法 energy affiliate Proposed organization, subsidiary of the World Bank, dealing with lending for energy. Never actually set up. 能源附属机构 世界银行提议成立的发放能源贷款的附属机构。 实际从未成立。 energy assessment 能源评估 energy audit A survey of energy usage in a system or organization and an examination of how energy may be used more economically. 能源审计 指对一个系统或组织能源使用情况的调查，并考 察如何能更经济地使用能源。 energy cascading The utilization of energy, otherwise wasted, in the performance of work matched to the characteristics of the energy, e.g. the use of waste heat from an industrial process for a variety of purposes in sequence, performing work at a lower temperature at each stage. The sequence may include air heating, steam raising and water heating. 能源分级利用法 为了不浪费能源而根据其特点物尽其用的方法。 例如根据不同目的利用工业过程中产生的废热， 按温度由高到低的顺序，用于空气加热、生产蒸 汽、水加热，等等。 energy conservation 能源节约，节能 energy cropping The growth of plants to be used for energy needs (i.e. wood, oil-bearing plants). 能源作物 为了满足能源需要而种植的作物（如树木、油料 作物）。 energy-efficient 有效使用能源的 energy-intensive 能源密集型，大量消耗能源的 energy lending 能源贷款 engender Considering issues from the point of view of gender, relations between the sexes. 社会性别观点，考虑社会性别问题的 从社会性别和两性之间关系出发考虑问题的观 点和方法。 engineered road A planned earth road. 规划修筑的土路 engineering 工程 亦见 design; design engineering; detailed design, engineering; environnmental engineering; financial engineering; heavy (engineering) industry; preliminary design, engineering engineering consultant 工程顾问，工程咨询顾问 engineering design 工程设计 engineering development 工程开发 engineering industry 工程工业 engineering, preliminary 前期工程，预备工程 engineering related technical assistance; hard technical assistance Technical assistance geared towards engineering projects as opposed to institution related technical assistance. 与工程有关的技术援助；硬技术援助 针对工程项目而进行的技术援助；区别于与机构 107 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 有关的技术援助。 engineering studies 工程研究 enhance new debt, to 增加新债 enhanced recovery [oil] Increased recovery from a reservoir achieved by artificial means or by the application of energy extrinsic to the reservoir. 强化采集，强化回收 [石油] 利用人为手段或采用石油储藏以外的能源，从石 油储藏中增加回收开采量。 enrollment ratio Ratio of pupils enrolled to total school age population. 入学率 入学学生人数与学龄儿童人数的比率。 enrollments 入学，入伍，注册人数，入学人数 entrepôt trade The re-export trade of a country. 转口贸易，中转贸易 一个国家的再出口贸易。 entrepreneur 企业家 entrepreneurial benefit-cost ratio - EBC 企业家的效益-成本比率（简写为EBC） entrepreneurship 企业家精神 entries 帐目 见 accounting entries entry level 起始级别 environment satellite accounts Subsidiary national account for the environmental sector. 环境卫星帐户 环境部门的国民经济分类帐户。 environmental action plan - EAP 环境行动计划（简写为EAP） environmental (advisory) panel An advisory panel of independent, internationally-recognized, environmental specialists, formed to advise on projects involving large dams. Normally required for Bank large dam projects. 环境（顾问）小组 由独立的、国际承认的环境专家组成的顾问小 组，其任务是对涉及到大型水坝的项目提出建 议。世界银行的大型水坝项目通常都有这种要 求。 environmental assessment - EA An intensive examination that is required for lending operation that have diverse and significant environmental impacts. 环境评价，环境评估（简写为EA） 对影响环境的贷款项目所作的深入细致的审查， 这类项目对环境有各种各样或是很大的影响。 environmental audit Detailed study of the environmental problems of an area or industrial plant. 环境审计 对一个地区或工厂的环境问题所作的详细的研 究和审查。 environmental degradation Deterioration in the environment. Includes pathogens in the environment, indoor air pollution, substandard housing and extensive industrialization. 环境降级 指环境的恶化，包括环境中存在病原体，室内空 气污染，低标准住房，以及大规模工业化。 environmental engineering 环境工程 environmental enhancement Improvement to the environment. Used by the Bank to refer to improvement to the environment as an indirect effect of a project. 环境改善 指对环境作出的改善。世界银行用来指一个项目 对环境改善起到的间接作用。 environmental goods and services Goods and services provided for environmental protection purposes. 108 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 环境货物和服务 为环保目的提供的货物和服务。 environmental health, sanitation 环境保健、卫生 environmental hotspot Area on the Earth where there is a considerable and often unique species diversity. 环境热点 地球上相当重要的、并且往往是独一无二的物种 多样化地区。 environmental impact assessment - EIA Evaluation of the effect of a project on the environment. 环境影响评估（简写为EIA） 对一个项目对环境的影响的评价。 environmental management plan 环境管理方案 见 mitigation plan environmental reconnaissance Bank mandated study, carried out by independent, recognized experts during project identification, to ensure that potential environmental effects are identified, ascertain the scope of further environmental studies and action needed，assess the availability of the borrower to undertake them and advise on the need for an environmental panel. 环境考察 世界银行在项目识别过程中的一项强制性研究， 由独立、公认的专家组进行。该研究的目的是确 认项目潜在的环境影响已经得到认明，确定需____要 进 117 ____________________________________________________________________________________ - F - face value 票面价值，面值 facility 资金便利，资金融通，贷款基金，设施，设备 fact sheet 情况说明书，基本情况介绍 factor cost, at - f.c. 要素成本 factor income Income derived directly from the current production of goods and services. There are normally four main categories: rent; wages and salaries; interest and profits. 要素收入 直接从现时的货物和劳务生产中产生的收入。通 常有四大类：租金、工资薪金、利息和利润。 factor income payments 要素收益付款 factor price The price of a factor of production (e.g. land, labor and capital). 要素价格 指生产要素（例如土地、劳力和资本）的价格。 factoring The purchase of trade debts, usually without recourse. 代理融通，贷款保收，应收帐款让售 购买贸易债务，通常无追索权。 factory farming 工厂化农业 factory gate price 出厂价格 见 ex factory price facultative reinsurance Reinsurance of a specific risk. 临时分保，临时再保险 对某一特定的风险进行再保险。 参见treaty reinsurance fair market value 公平市价，公允市价，议价 fair price shop 平价商店 fallacy of composition A wrong conclusion reached by taking a known fact about individuals and projecting it to apply to the entire population. 推论的谬误 把有关个别人的已知事实，推而广之应用于全体 人口，从而得出的错误结论。 family planning 计划生育 FAO/IBRD Cooperative Program* 联合国粮农组织与国际复兴开发银行合作计划 FAO/UNIDO/World Bank Working Group on Fertilizers* 联合国粮农组织、工发组织与世界银行肥料工作 组。 farm 农场 farm budget 农场预算 farm forestry Forestry carried out on private farmlands. 农田林业 指在私人农田上经营的林业。 farm gate price 农场交货价格 farm income 农场收入 farmer-pull innovations 农民拉动的革新 farming system 农作制度 farming systems research - FSR 农作制度研究（简写为FSR） farming techniques 118 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 农业技术，耕作技术，农场经营技术 farming unit 农作单位 fast disbursing (loan); quick disbursing (loan) 快速支付（贷款） fast-track procedures Procedures designed to facilitate negotiation of complex trade agreements. They give the president authority to conclude such agreements and submit them to Congress for approval or disapproval without amendment. Used by the Bush administration in the 1990-1991 Uruguay Round negotiations. 快速通道程序 一种复杂贸易协议谈判的辅助程序，它授权总统 缔结协议，并将协议提交给国会无修改地批准 （或否定）。美国布什政府在1990-1991年乌拉 圭回合谈判中曾使用过这种程序。 feasibility study 可行性研究 fecundity 肥沃、多产、生育力 Federal funds* 联邦资金 fee 费用，收费 见 availability fee; backup facility fee; commitment charge, fee; cost plus fixed fee contract; cost plus percentage fee contract; front-end fee; guarantee commission, fee; harbor fees; loan origination fee; management fee; percentage (fee) contract; service and support fee; stumpage fee; tuition fees; zero fee policy fee-based service [IFC] Services provided by IFC for which IFC charges a fee. Includes such services as technical assistance, advice on privatization, corporate strategies, financial risk management, project structuring, setting up capital markets, etc. 收费服务 [国际金融公司] 国际金融公司提供的一种收费性服务。服务内容 包括技术援助、私有化咨询、公司战略、财务风 险管理、项目结构、建立资本市场等。 fee for lodging requests [ICSID] 调解请求费 [解决投资争端国际中心] fee-for-services basis 收费服务基础 feed balance; feed estimate 饲料平衡；饲料估计 feed conversion ratio Ratio which makes it possible to evaluate feed efficiency. Obtained from the amount of product obtained per kilo of feed given to the animal (i.e. daily average profit/feed). 饲料转化率 评价饲料效能的一个比率， 由喂养牲口的每公斤 饲料所获得的产量得出（即日平均利润/饲料）。 feed estimate; feed balance 饲料估计；饲料平衡 feed grains 饲料粮 feed unit One pound of corn or its equivalent in feed value in other feeds which is fed to cattle under normal farm conditions. 饲料单位 指在正常农场条件下喂牲畜用的一磅_____玉米，或具 有同等饲料价值的其他饲料。 feedback (of information) （信息）反馈 feedback loop 反馈回路，反馈环路 feeder road 支路，公路支线 feeder school; contributory school; preparatory school School where students go on to a specific higher-level school, for which it is the feeder. 补习学校；先修学校；预科 为某一特定的高一级的学校输送学生的学校。 feedlot 牧场，肥育地 feedstock 119 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Substance (e.g. gas) used as raw material for its chemical properties in creating an end product. 原料、给料 作为原料，利用其化学成分，以生产终端产品的 物质（如煤气）。 fellow [EDI] 研究员 [经济发展学院] fertility rate Births per thousand, usually related to individuals of same sex, age, marital status, etc. 生育率 每千人平均生育率，通常以相同性别、年龄和婚 姻状况的人为基础。 fiber crop 纤维作物 field 矿场，田地 见 coal field field agent 现场代理人，驻地代理人 field assignment, mission 外勤任务，外勤工作团 field crop 大田作物 field-level extension worker 现场推广员，实地推广员 field mission, assignment 外勤工作团，外勤任务 field office 驻外办事处，驻外代表处 field seeds The seed of field crops, as contrasted with vegetable and flower seeds. 大田作物种子 区别于蔬菜和花卉的种子。 field staff 外勤人员，驻外人员，现场工作人员 field trip 实地考察，现场考察，出差 field unit [agricultural extension] 现场工作组，实地工作组 [农业推广] field work 野外工作，现场工作，实地工作 field worker 野外工作者，现场工作者，实地工作者 Fifth Dimension Program World Bank program whereby the Bank provides additional IDA allocations to IDA-only countries that have outstanding IBRD debt, are current on their debt service to the Bank and have an IDA-support adjustment program. 第五方面（信贷）计划 世界银行的一种信贷计划。根据这一计划，世界 银行向仅用国际开发协会信贷的国家（这些国家 欠着国际复兴开发银行的贷款，正在还本付息， 同时又有一项国际开发协会支持的调整方案）提 供额外的国际开发协会信贷分配额 filing of claims [MIGA] Submitting appropriate documentation to support a claim for a covered loss. 提出索赔 [多边投资担保机构] 提供适当的文件，以支持一项对已承保的损失提 出的索赔。 fill ratio [staff] Percentage of positions in an organization that are filled. （人员编制）满员率 [人员] 一个机构中已经配备的人员占编制人员的比率。 final design 最终设计 final design quantities 最终设计数量 final energy; secondary energy 最终能源；二次能源 finance lease; financial, full pay out lease A lease involving payment over an obligatory period of specified sums sufficient in total to amortize the capital outlay of the lessor and give some profit. In other words, the lessee pays the full value of the asset. 融资租赁；金融租赁，费用全付租赁 120 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 一种租赁方式，即在规定期限内分期向出租人支 付规定的金额，其总数足以支付出租人的资本支 出并使其获得一定的利润。也就是说，承租人支 付该资产的全部价值。 finance plan 融资计划，筹资计划 financial adjustment 财务调整，金融调整 financial claim 金融债权，财务索赔 financial claims of government 政府债权，政府征税权 financial contingency 不可预见费用，财政应急预备费 financial credit 金融信贷，金融贷款 financial deepening Acquisition of financial assets at a faster rate than nonfinancial assets. 金融深化 即购置金融资产的速度超过购置非金融资产的 速度。 financial distress 财政困难，资金困难 financial engineering Application of innovative techniques in major national and corporate workouts. 金融工程 指通过采用新技术的方法，在主要国家和公司解 决债务问题。 financial expenses coverage ratio Net income plus non-cash charges plus interest payments divided by interest payments plus current portion of long-term debt. 财务费用偿付率 即净收入加上非现金收费加上利息支付额，除以 利息支付额加上长期债务的当前部分。 financial flows 资金流量，资金流动 financial futures 金融期货 financial intermediary loan - FIL World Bank loan to a financial intermediary, such as a central bank. 金融中介机构贷款（简写为FIL） 指世界银行向一个金融中介机构（如中央银行） 发放的贷款。 financial internal rate of return 财政内部收益率 见 financial rate of return financial intrinsics An alternative word for financial position. 财务实况 财务状况的同意词。 financial lease 金融租赁 见 finance lease financial leverage 金融杠杆 见 leverage financial package 一揽子财务计划 financial paper Commercial paper issued by financial institutions. 金融票据 金融机构发行的商业票据。 financial performance, results 财务业绩，财务工作执行结果 financial plan 融资计划，筹资计划，财务计划 financial rate of return; internal rate of financial return; financial internal rate of return - FIRR The internal rate of return based on financial or market prices. 财务收益率；财务内部收益率（简写为FIRR） 根据财务或市场价格计算出的内部收益率。 financial ratios 财务比率 financial replicability Full recovery of the financial costs of the project 121 ____________________________________________________________________________________ entity. 财务可回收性 指项目实体财务成本的全部收回。 financial repression Distortion in the financial system, with negative interest rates, subsidy interest rates to some privileged borrowers, selective credit allocation, and excessive bureaucratic control over the financial system. 金融抑制 金融体制中的扭曲现象，包括负利率，给某些享 有特权的借款人的利率补贴，选择性的信贷分 配，以及对金融体制上过多的官僚控制。 financial restraint, stringency 金融紧缩，收紧银根 financial spread Income from loans and investments minus cost of borrowing. 财务利差 即贷款和投资的收入减去借款成本。 financial standing 财务状况、资产状况、信用状况 见 creditworthiness financial statement A balance sheet, income statement, funds statement or any supporting statement or other presentation of financial data derived from accounting records. 财务报表 各项报表，包括资产负债表、收益表、资金报表 或从会计记录中得出任何辅助报表，或其他财务 数据报表。 financial year; fiscal year 财政年度；会计年度 financialization The holding of assets (e.g. savings) in financial form (e.g. bills, bonds, cash) as opposed to in the form of fixed assets (e.g. gold, real property). 金融化 以金融形式（如票据、债券、现金等）而不是以 固定资产（如黄金、房地产等）形式持有资产（如 储蓄）。 financing gap 筹资缺口，资金缺口，财政缺口 financing package 一揽子融资计划 financing plan 融资计划，筹资计划 fineness (of a precious metal) （贵金属的）纯度 fine tuning (of the economy) （经济的）微调 firm bid rule Principle that a bid is irrevocable for a reasonable time after bid opening. 递实盘规则 即在开标后的合理时间内实盘不可撤消原则。 first in, first out - FIFO 先进先出法（简写为FIFO） 亦见 last in， first out first-loss deductible [insurance] 第一损失免赔额 [保险] first ranking security 一等证券，头等证券 first refusal right; preemptive right Right to have the first opportunity to purchase real estate when such becomes available, or right to meet any other offer. 优先取舍权；优先购买权 在有房地产或其它可购买的财物出让时所具有 的优先购买权。 first year rule - FYR [project analysis] A method of determining when to start a project. Two time streams of costs and benefits (using one-year intervals of discounting) are subtracted. The project should be delayed by one year if the net present value of this figure is negative. 首年规则（简写为FYR） [项目分析] 一种决定什么时候启动一个项目的方法。即把两 个时间系列的成本和效益（使用一年间隔进行贴 现）相减，如果所得的差的净现值为负数，则该 项目应推迟一年进行。 fiscal agent A bank appointed by the borrower as its agent for a new issue of securities when no trustee has been appointed. Its functions include those of a principal 122 ____________________________________________________________________________________ paying agent and a number of the clerical functions but none of the fiduciary responsibilities of a trustee. 财政代理人 指在没有指定托管人的情况下，借款人指定一家 银行作为发行一项证券的代理人，其职能包括首 席支付代理以及一些事务性工作，但不包括托管 人的受托责任。 fiscal balance A balance between the receipts and expenditures of a government (not just taxes). 财政预算平衡；财政收支平衡 指一个政府的收入与支出（不仅仅是税收）之间 的平衡。 fiscal drag 1. Reduction in real income due to the increase in income from inflation, resulting in income earners being placed in higher tax brackets. 2. Action by public financial authorities with regard to economic activity. 财政拖累 1．由于通货膨胀引起收入增加，使收入获得者 被置于较高的税率等级而导致实际收入减少。 2．公共财政当局在涉及经济活动方面采取的行 动。 fiscal gap 财政缺口 fiscal policy 财政政策 fiscal revenue 财政收入 fiscal transparency Refers to the situation whereby certain partners and associates in certain companies are deemed to be the same as the company for taxation purposes. Used in France. 财政透明度 指在纳税方面，用与公司同样的标准对待某些公 司中的某些合伙人和协作者。曾经用于法国。 fiscal year; financial year 财政年度；会计年度 fishing by lamplight; lamplight fishing 灯光捕鱼 five day biochemical oxygen demand 生化物五天 需氧量 见 biochemical oxygen demand over five days （简 写为BOD5）。 fixed assets 固定资产 见 capital assets fixed capital 固定资本 见 capital assets fixed charge coverage* 固定支出范围，固定支出类别 fixed cost contract; fixed price contract 固定成本合同；固定价格合同，标价合同 fixed costs 固定成本 fixed investment 固定资产投资 fixed price contract; fixed cost contract 固定价格合同；固定成本合同；标价合同 fixed-rate financing 固定利率融资 fixed rate matched funding loan One of two types of fixed rate loans made by the Bank to IFC, involving amounts in various currencies from which currency-specific tranches are established to fund new fixed rate IFC loans on a back-to-back basis. 固定利率匹配融资贷款 世界银行贷给国际金融公司的两种固定利率贷 款之一。这种贷款具有多种货币类型，按各特定 货币分批拨付，在对销的基础上对国际金融公司 发放的新的固定利率贷款供资。 fixed term appointment 固定期任用 fixed term contract 定期合同，固定任期合同 fixed term staff 根据固定任期合同聘用的工作人员 fixed variate; predictor 123 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 固定变量；预测因素 fixing see price fixing 固定，确定 flag of convenience; open registry flag 权宜船籍；方便旗 flagship product Used to describe key publications, summarizing Bank policy in a major area, e.g. poverty, adjustment, health in Africa. 旗帜作品 用来指主要出版物，这种出版物概述了世界银行 在某一主要方面的政策，例如贫困、调整、非洲 的卫生保健问题等。 flagship project Project used to promote development in a key area, e.g. environment, women in development. 旗帜项目 用来促进某一关键领域发展的项目，例如环境、 妇女在发展中的作用等。 flat budget Budget which shows no increase over previous budget period. 无增长的预算 与前一预算期相比无增长的预算。 flat rate 统一费率，均一费率，标准价格 flattening out 拉平，平稳化 fleet [transportation] 船队，车队 [运输] flexibility quotient Number of redeployable staff resources as a percentage of the total workforce. 灵活（调配）份额 可供重新安排的工作人员与劳动力总数的百分 比。 flexitime; flextime 弹性工作时间 flight capital 外流资本，外逃资本 flight of capital; capital flight 资本外逃 flip chart 翻动图表 float [banking] Checks, drafts, etc., in the process of collection. 浮存[银行] 托收过程中的支票、汇票等。 float a loan, to 发行债券，借入贷款 floating capital That portion of the capital of an enterprise not invested in fixed or other capital assets but in current and working assets. 流动资本，游资 指企业资本中未投资于固定资产或其他资本资 产、而是以流动资产形式存在的资本。 floating cash reserve 流动现金储备 floating rate 浮动利率，浮动汇率 floating rate bond Bond on which the coupon is established periodically and calculated with reference to short-term interest rates. 浮动利率债券 这种债券的息票是定期确定的，并参照短期资金 利率来计算。 floating rate note Note issued from five to fifteen years with a fixed spread, usually over the six month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), normally with provision for a minimum interest rate. Primarily used by banks to raise dollars for their Euromarket operations. 浮动利率票据 这种票据期限为5到15年，利率通常为6个月伦敦 同业拆放利率（LIBOR）加固定利差，并有最低 利率规定。主要是银行用于为欧洲市场操作筹措 美元。 floating rice 浮动水稻 flock management; herd management 124 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 牧群管理 flood control irrigation 控制漫灌 flooded rice 水稻，遭洪水的水稻 flood irrigation; spate irrigation A method of irrigation in which water is made to cover the surface of the land to a considerable depth and remains for a considerable period, after which so much of it as has not soaked in is drawn off, leaving the land ready for the growing of crops. 漫灌 指一种灌溉方法，使水漫灌地表到一定深度并保 持一定时间，然后把未浸入地表的余水放掉，准 备种植作物。 flooding 洪泛，漫灌 见 controlled flooding floodplain 洪泛区 floodplain agriculture, cultivation 洪泛区农业，耕作 flood recession crop Crop planted on land which has recently been flooded. 洪涝退后的作物 种植在最近遭受过洪涝的土地上的作物。  更多文章
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